Chapter 8

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

Process of thinking, gaining knowledge, and dealing
with knowledge.

Question 2

Experiential processing

Answer 2

Thought that is passive, effortless, and automatic.

Question 3

Reflective processing

Answer 3

Thought that is active, effortful, and controlled.

Question 4

Mental images

Answer 4

Mental picture or visual depiction used in memory
and thinking.

Question 5

Concept

Answer 5

Mental category for classifying things based on common
features or properties.

Question 6

Prototype

Answer 6

An ideal model used as a prime example of a particular
concept.

Question 7

Language Words or symbols, and rules for combining them, that
are used for thinking and communication.

Question 8

Phonemes

Answer 8

Basic speech sounds of a language.

Question 9

Morphemes

Answer 9

Smallest meaningful units in a language, such as syllables or words.

Question 10

Grammar

Answer 10

A set of rules for combining language units into meaningful speech or writing.

Question 11

Syntax

Answer 11

Rules for ordering words when forming sentences.

Question 12

Transformation rules

Answer 12

Rules by which a simple declarative sentence may be changed to other voices or forms (past tense, passive voice, and so forth).

Question 13

Semantics

Answer 13

The study of meanings in words and language.

Question 14

Denotative meaning

Answer 14

The exact, dictionary definition of a word or concept; its objective meaning.

Question 15

Connotative meaning

Answer 15

The subjective, personal, or emotional meaning of a word or concept.

Question 16

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 16

The idea that the words we use
not only reflect our thoughts but can shape them as well.

Question 17

Bilingualism

Answer 17

The ability to speak two languages.

Question 18

Algorithmic solution

Answer 18

A problem solution achieved by following a series of step-by-step rules.

Question 19

Logical thought

Answer 19

Drawing conclusions on the basis of formal principles of reasoning

Question 20

Inductive thought

Answer 20

Thinking in which a general rule or principle is gathered from a series of specific examples; for instance, inferring the laws of gravity by observing many falling objects.

Question 21

Deductive thought

Answer 21

Thought that applies a general set of rules to specific situations; for example, using the laws of gravity to predict
the behavior of a single falling object.

Question 22

Understanding (in problem solving)

Answer 22

A deeper comprehension
of the nature of a problem.

Question 23

General solution

Answer 23

A solution that correctly states the requirements for success, but not in enough detail for further action.

Question 24

Functional solution

Answer 24

A detailed, practical, and workable solution.

Question 25

Heuristic

Answer 25

Shortcut or rule of thumb for finding a solution to a
problem.

Question 26

Random search strategy

Answer 26

Trying possible solutions to a problem in a more or less random order.

Question 27

Insight

Answer 27

A sudden mental reorganization of a problem that makes
the solution obvious.

Question 28

Fixation (in problem solving)

Answer 28

The tendency to repeat wrong
solutions or faulty responses, especially as a result of becoming blind to alternatives.

Question 29

Functional fixedness

Answer 29

Tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use.

Question 30

Intuition

Answer 30

Quick, impulsive thought that does not use formal logic
or clear reasoning.

Question 31

behavioral economics

Answer 31

A branch of economics that applies psychology to the study of economic decision-making

Question 32

Framing In thought, the terms in which a problem is stated or the
way that it is structured

Answer 32

In thought, the terms in which a problem is stated or the
way that it is structured

Question 33

Availability heuristic

Answer 33

Mental shortcut that relies on how quickly examples come to mind when evaluating a topic or making a decision.

Question 34

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 34

Mental shortcut of judging if
something belongs in a given class based on similarity to other members.

Question 35

Base rate

Answer 35

The basic rate at which an event occurs over time; the basic probability of an event

Question 36

Choice overload

Answer 36

Difficulty making a decision in the face of many alternatives.

Question 37

Convergent thinking

Answer 37

Thinking directed toward discovery of a single established correct answer; conventional thinking.

Question 38

Creativity

Answer 38

Ability to combine mental elements in new and useful ways

Question 39

Divergent thinking

Answer 39

Thinking that produces many ideas or alternatives; a major element in original or creative thought.

Question 40

Fluency

Answer 40

In tests of creativity, fluency refers to the total number of
solutions produced.

Question 41

Flexibility

Answer 41

In tests of creativity, flexibility is indicated by how many
different types of solutions are produced.

Question 42

Originality

Answer 42

In tests of creativity, originality refers to how novel or
unusual solutions are

Question 43

Problem finding

Answer 43

The active discovery of problems to be solved

Question 44

Mental set A predisposition to perceive or respond in a particular way.

Answer 44

A predisposition to perceive or respond in a particular way.

Question 45

Brainstorming

Answer 45

Method of creative thinking that separates the production and evaluation of ideas

Question 46

Cross-stimulation effect

Answer 46

In group problem solving, the tendency of one person’s ideas to trigger ideas from others.