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Foundation of Psychology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Uncritical Acceptance.

A

(Refers to accepting something too easily, without applying or being guided by the standards of analysis) = Blind Faith

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2
Q

Confirmation bias

A

The tendency to remember or notice information that fits one’s expectations, while forgetting or ignoring discrepancies.

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3
Q

Superstition

A

An unfounded belief held without objective evidence or in the face of falsifying evidence

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4
Q

Pseudoscience

A

Unfounded belief system that seems to be based
on science

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5
Q

Science

A

An objective approach to answering questions that relies on careful observations and experiments.

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6
Q

Clinical psychologist

A

A psychologist who specializes in the treatment of psychological and behavioral disturbances or who does research on such disturbances.

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7
Q

Counseling psychologist

A

A psychologist who specializes in the treatment of milder emotional and behavioral disturbances.

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8
Q

Psychiatrist

A

A medical doctor with additional training in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders.

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9
Q

Psychoanalyst

A

A mental health professional (usually a medical doctor) trained to practice psychoanalysis

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10
Q

Counselor

A

A mental health professional who specializes in helping people with problems that do not involve serious mental disorders

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11
Q

Basic Research

A

They seek knowledge for its own sake. For example, a psychologist might study memory simply to understand how it works.

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12
Q

Applied Research

A

They solve immediate practical problems, such as finding ways to improve athletic performance

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13
Q

Introspection

A

Personal observation of your own thoughts,
feelings, and behavior

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14
Q

Structuralism

A

Study of sensations and personal experience
analyzed as basic elements

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15
Q

Imageless thought

A

An old term describing the inability of
introspectionists to become subjectively aware of some mental processes; an early term describing the cognitive unconscious. (thinking that occurs without the aid of images or sensory content.)

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16
Q

Scientific observation

A

An empirical investigation structured
to answer questions about the world in a systematic and
intersubjective fashion (i.e., observations can be reliably confirmed by multiple observers)

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17
Q

Cognitive unconscious

A

The part of the mind of which we are subjectively unaware and that is not open to introspection.

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18
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

Study of thinking, learning, and perception
in whole units, not by analysis into parts.

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19
Q

Functionalism

A

School of psychology that considers behaviors in
terms of active adaptations.

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20
Q

Natural selection

A

Darwin’s theory that evolution favors those
plants and animals best suited to their living conditions

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21
Q

Response

A

Any muscular action, glandular activity, or other
identifiable aspect of behavior

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21
Q

Behaviorism

A

School of thought in psychology that emphasizes
study of observable actions over study of the mind

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22
Q

Radical behaviorism

A

A behaviorist approach that rejects both introspection and any study of mental events, such as thinking, as
inappropriate topics for scientific psychology

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23
Q

Humanistic psychology

A

Study of people as inherently good and motivated to learn and improve

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24
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

The study of information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.

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25
Q

Operational definition

A

Defining a scientific concept by stating the specific actions or procedures used to measure it. For example, hunger might be defined as the number of hours of food
deprivation.

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26
Q

Self-actualization

A

The process of fully developing personal
potentials

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27
Q

Free Will

A

The ability to freely make choices that are not controlled by genetics, learning, or unconscious forces; the idea that human
beings are capable of making choices or decisions themselves.

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28
Q

Determinism

A

The idea that all behavior has prior causes that would completely explain one’s choices and actions if all such causes were known.

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29
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freudian approach to psychotherapy emphasizing
the exploration of the unconscious using free association, dream interpretation, resistances, and transference to uncover unconscious conflicts

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30
Q

Dynamic unconscious

A

In Freudian theory, the parts of the mind that are beyond awareness, especially conflicts, impulses, and
desires not directly known to a person.

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31
Q

Psychodynamic theory

A

Any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces.

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32
Q

Neo-Freudians

A

Psychologists who accept the broad features of Freud’s theory but have revised the theory to include the role of cultural and social factors while still accepting some of its basic concepts.

33
Q

Biological perspective

A

The attempt to explain behavior in terms of underlying biological principles.

34
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Approach that emphasizes inherited, adaptive aspects of behavior and mental processes.

35
Q

Social perspective

A

The focus on the importance of social contexts in influencing the behavior of individuals.

36
Q

Social norms

A

Rules that define acceptable and expected behavior
for members of a group

37
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

An approach acknowledging that biological, psychological, and social factors interact to influence human behavior and mental processes.

38
Q

Neuroscience

A

The broader field of biopsychologists and others
who study the brain and nervous system, such as biologists and biochemists.

39
Q

Gender bias in research

A

A tendency for females and female related issues to be underrepresented in research, whether psychological or otherwise.

40
Q

Cultural relativity

A

The idea that behavior must be judged relative to the values of the culture in which it occurs.

41
Q

Description

A

Naming and classifying is typically based on making a detailed record of scientific observation.

42
Q

Understanding

A

Usually means that we can state the causes of behavior

43
Q

Prediction

A

The ability to forecast behavior accurately.

44
Q

Control

A

Simply refers to the ability to alter the conditions that affect behavior.

45
Q

Critical thinking

A

A type of reflection involving the support of beliefs through scientific explanation and observation.

46
Q

Falsification

A

The deliberate attempt to uncover how a commonsense belief or scientific theory might be false.

47
Q

Scientific method

A

A form of critical thinking based on careful
measurement, controlled observation, and repeatable results.

48
Q

Hypothesis

A

Predicted outcome of an experiment, or an educated
guess about the relationship between variables.

49
Q

Self-report data

A

Information that is provided by participants about their own thoughts, emotions, or behaviors, typically on a
questionnaire or during an interview

50
Q

Representative sample

A

A small, randomly selected part of a larger population that accurately reflects characteristics of the whole
population.

51
Q

Biased sample

A

A subpart of a larger population that does not
accurately reflect characteristics of the whole population.

52
Q

Observational data

A

Data that come from watching participants
and recording their behavior.

53
Q

Naturalistic

A

observation Observing behavior as it unfolds in
natural settings.

54
Q

Structured observation

A

Observing behavior in situations that
have been set up by the researcher

55
Q

Observer effect

A

Changes in an organism’s behavior brought about by an awareness of being observed.

56
Q

Observer bias

A

The tendency of an observer to distort observations
or perceptions to match his or her expectations

57
Q

Physiological data

A

Data that come from participants’ physiological processes (including measures of the brain and heart, muscles, and the production of hormones)

58
Q

Variable

A

Factor or characteristic manipulated or measured in
research.

59
Q

Experiment

A

A study in which the investigator manipulates at least one variable while measuring at least one other variable.

60
Q

Independent variable

A

Variable manipulated by the researcher in an experiment.

61
Q

Dependent variable

A

The element of an experiment that measures any effect of the manipulation.

62
Q

Extraneous variable

A

A condition or factor that may change and is excluded from influencing the outcome of an experiment.

63
Q

Experimental subjects

A

Humans (also referred to as participants) or animals whose behavior is investigated in an experiment.

64
Q

Experimental group

A

Group that receives the treatment the study
is designed to test.

65
Q

Control group

A

Subjects in an experimental study who do not receive the treatment being investigated.

66
Q

Random assignment

A

Use of chance to place subjects in experimental and control groups.

67
Q

Statistically significant

A

Experimental results that would rarely occur by chance alone.

68
Q

Meta-analysis

A

A statistical technique for combining the results of
many studies on the same subject.

69
Q

Research participant bias

A

Changes in the behavior of study participants caused by the unintended influence of their own expectations

70
Q

Placebo effect

A

Changes in behavior due to participants’ expectations that a drug (or other treatment) will have some effect.

71
Q

Placebo

A

Inactive substance or treatment that is distinguishable from a real, active substance or treatment.

72
Q

Single-blind study

A

Research in which the subjects do not know which treatment they receive

73
Q

Researcher bias

A

Changes in participants’ behavior caused by the
unintended influence of a researcher’s actions.

74
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

A prediction that prompts people to act in ways that make the prediction come true.

75
Q

Double-blind study

A

Research in which neither the observer nor the subjects know which subjects received which treatment.

76
Q

Quasi-experimental study

A

A descriptive study in which
researchers wish to compare groups of people, but cannot randomly assign them to groups.

77
Q

Correlational research

A

Descriptive study that quantifies the degree to which events, measures, or variables are associated.

78
Q

Correlation

A

The existence of a consistent, systematic relationship
between two events, measures, or variables

79
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A statistical index ranging from –1.00 to +1.00 that indicates the direction and degree of correlation.

80
Q

Causation The act of causing some effect

A

The act of causing some effect.

81
Q

Case study (clinical method)

A

In-depth analysis of the behavior of one person or a small number of people.

Foundation of Psychology (8 decks)

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