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Foundation of Psychology > Chapter 3: 3.1-3.3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3: 3.1-3.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

The study of the normal changes in
behavior that occur across the lifespan.

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2
Q

Heredity (“nature”)

A

The transmission of physical and
psychological characteristics from parents to offspring through genes.

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3
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

A molecular structure that
contains coded genetic information.

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4
Q

Chromosomes

A

Rodlike structures in the cell nucleus that house an individual’s genes.

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5
Q

Genes

A

Areas on a strand of DNA that carry hereditary information.

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6
Q

Genetic disorders

A

Problems caused by defects in the genes or by inherited characteristics.

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7
Q

Dominant gene

A

A gene whose influence will be expressed each
time that the gene is present.

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8
Q

Recessive gene

A

A gene whose influence will be expressed only
when it is paired with a second recessive gene of the same type.

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9
Q

Polygenic characteristics

A

Personal traits or physical properties
that are influenced by many genes working in
combination.

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10
Q

Environment (“nurture”)

A

The sum of all external conditions
affecting development, including especially the effects of learning.

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11
Q

Teratogen

A

A harmful substance that can cause birth defects.

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12
Q

Congenital problems

A

Defects that originate during prenatal
development in the womb.

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13
Q

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

A

A collection of
conditions occurring in children whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy.

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14
Q

Sensitive period

A

During development, a period of increased
sensitivity to environmental influences. It also is a time during which
certain events must take place for normal development to occur.

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15
Q

Deprivation

A

In development, the loss or withholding of normal stimulation, nutrition, comfort, love, and so forth; a condition of absence.

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16
Q

Enrichment

A

In development, deliberately making an environment
more stimulating, nutritional, comforting, loving, and so forth.

17
Q

Epigenetics

A

The study of changes in organisms that are caused by modifications to gene expression rather than alteration of the
genetic code itself.

18
Q

Maturation

A

The physical growth and development of the body, brain, and nervous system.

19
Q

Puberty

A

Biologically defined period during which a person matures sexually and becomes capable of reproduction.

20
Q

Adolescence

A

The culturally defined period between childhood
and adulthood

21
Q

Socioemotional development

A

Area of psychology concerned with changes in emotions and social relationships.

22
Q

Social smile

A

Smiling elicited by a social stimulus, such as seeing a
parent’s face

23
Q

Psychosocial dilemma

A

A conflict between personal impulses and the social world.

24
Q

Affectional needs

A

Emotional needs for care, love, and positive
relationships with others

25
Q

Surrogate mother

A

A substitute mother (in animal research, often
an inanimate object or a dummy).

26
Q

Contact comfort

A

A pleasant and reassuring feeling that human and animal infants get from touching or clinging to something soft
and warm, usually their mothers.

27
Q

Separation anxiety

A

Distress displayed by infants when they are separated from their parents or principal caregivers

28
Q

Temperament

A

General pattern of attention, arousal, and mood that is evident from birth.

29
Q

Attachment

A

Emotional bonding between an infant and its
caregivers that results from infants’ feelings of security with the caregiver in times of stress or uncertainty.

30
Q

Secure attachment

A

A stable and positive emotional bond.

31
Q

Insecure-avoidant attachment

A

An anxious emotional bond
marked by a tendency to avoid reunion with a parent or caregiver.

32
Q

Insecure-ambivalent attachment

A

An anxious emotional bond
marked by both a desire to be with a parent or caregiver and some resistance to being reunited

33
Q

Parental styles

A

Identifiable patterns of parental caretaking and
interaction with children.

34
Q

Authoritarian parents

A

Parents who enforce rigid rules and demand strict obedience to authority.

35
Q

Power assertion

A

The use of physical punishment or coercion to
enforce child discipline.

36
Q

Withdrawal of love Withholding affection to enforce child
discipline

A
37
Q

Self-esteem

A

Regarding oneself as a worthwhile person; a positive
evaluation of oneself.

38
Q

Permissive parents

A

Parents who give little guidance, allow too
much freedom, or do not require the child to take responsibility.

39
Q

Authoritative parents

A

Parents who supply firm and consistent guidance combined with love and affection

Foundation of Psychology (8 decks)

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