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Foundation of Psychology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Transducers

A

Devices that convert one kind of energy into another

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2
Q

Sensation

A

Conversion of energy from the environment into a pattern of response by the nervous system; also, a sensory
impression

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3
Q

Psychophysics

A

Study of how the mind interprets the physical
properties of stimuli.

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4
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum amount of physical energy that can be detected 50 percent of the time.

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5
Q

Difference threshold

A

Minimum difference in physical energy between two stimuli that can be detected 50 percent of the time.

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6
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

A decrease over time in sensory response to
an unchanging stimulus

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7
Q

Perceptual features

A

Basic attributes of a stimulus, such as lines, shapes, edges, or colors

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8
Q

Feature detector

A

Cells in the cortex that respond to a specific attribute of an object

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9
Q

Hue

A

Color of light, as determined by its wavelength

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10
Q

Cornea

A

Curved, transparent, protective
layer through which light enters the eye.

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11
Q

Lens

A

Clear structure behind the pupil that
bends light toward the retina.

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12
Q

Accommodation

A

Changes in the shape of
the lens of the eye to enable the seeing of close and far objects

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13
Q

Hyperopia

A

Having difficulty focusing on
nearby objects (farsightedness).

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14
Q

Myopia

A

Having difficulty on distant objects (nearsightedness).

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15
Q

Astigmatism

A

Defects in the cornea, lens,
or eye that cause some areas of vision to be out of focus

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16
Q

Presbyopia

A

Farsightedness caused
by aging.

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17
Q

Retina

A

Surface at the back of the eye onto which the lens focuses light rays

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18
Q

Cones

A

Photoreceptors that are sensitive to color

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19
Q

Rods

A

Photoreceptors for dim light that produce only black and white sensations

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20
Q

Visual acuity

A

The sharpness of visual
perception.

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21
Q

Blind spot

A

Area in the retina where the optic nerve exits that
contains no photoreceptor cells

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22
Q

Optic nerve

A

Structure that conveys visual information away from
the retina to the brain

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23
Q

Fovea

A

Tiny spot in the center of the retina, containing only cones,
where visual acuity is greatest

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24
Q

Color blindness

A

A total inability to perceive color

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25
Q

Color weakness

A

An inability to distinguish some colors

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26
Q

Peripheral (side) vision

A

Vision at the edges of the visual field.

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27
Q

Dark adaptation

A

Increased light sensitivity of the eye under lowlight conditions.

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28
Q

Pupil

A

The black opening inside the iris that allows light to enter
the eye

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29
Q

Iris

A

Colored structure on the surface of the eye surrounding
the pupil.

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30
Q

Trichromatic theory of color vision

A

A theory of color vision
based on three cone types: red, green, and blue.

31
Q

Opponent-process theory of color vision

A

Proposition that
color vision is based on coding things as red or green, yellow or blue, or black or white

32
Q

Pitch

A

How high or low a tone sounds; related to the frequency of a sound wave.

33
Q

Loudness

A

The volume of a sound; related to the amplitude of a sound wave

34
Q

Eardrum

A

Membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves and
transmits them inward.

35
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

Poor transfer of sounds from the eardrum to the inner ear

36
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Loss of hearing caused by damage to the inner-ear hair cells or auditory nerve

37
Q

Noise-induced hearing loss

A

Damage caused by exposing the hair cells to excessively loud sounds.

38
Q

Cochlea

A

Snail-shaped organ in the inner ear that contains sensory
receptors for hearing.

39
Q

Basilar membrane

A

Structure in the cochlea containing hair cells that convert sound waves into action potentials.

40
Q

Hair cells

A

Receptor cells within the cochlea that transduce
vibrations into nerve impulses.

41
Q

Frequency theory of hearing

A

Proposition that pitch is decoded from the rate at which hair cells of the basilar membrane are firing.

42
Q

Place theory of hearing

A

Proposition that higher and lower tones excite specific areas of the cochlea

43
Q

Kinesthetic senses

A

The senses of body movement and positioning.

44
Q

Vestibular senses

A

Perception of balance, gravity, and acceleration

45
Q

Lock-and-key theory of olfaction

A

A theory holding that odors
are related to the shapes of chemical molecules.

46
Q

Warning system

A

Pain based on large nerve fibers; warns that bodily damage may be occurring.

47
Q

Reminding system

A

Pain based on small nerve fibers; reminds the brain that the body has been injured

48
Q

Gate control theory

A

A theory proposing that pain messages pass through neural “gates” in the spinal cord.

49
Q

Multimodal integration

A

The process by which the brain
combines information coming from multiple senses

50
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

A failure to notice a stimulus because attention is focused elsewhere

50
Q

Selective attention

A

Giving priority to a particular incoming sensory message.

51
Q

Mind-wandering

A

The process by which attention is withdrawn from the physical environment to focus on internal events

52
Q

Change blindness

A

A failure to notice that the background is changing because attention is focused elsewhere.

53
Q

Top-down processing

A

Perception guided by prior knowledge or expectations

54
Q

Figure-ground organization

A

Organizing a perception so that part of a stimulus appears to stand out as an object (figure) against
a less prominent background (ground).

55
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Organizing perceptions by beginning with low-level features.

56
Q

Synesthesia

A

A perceptual phenomenon in which stimulation
of one sensory system creates perceptual experiences in another
sensory system.

57
Q

Illusion

A

A misleading or misconstructed perception.

58
Q

Hallucination

A

Perception with no basis in reality.

59
Q

Shape constancy

A

The principle that the perceived shape of an object is unaffected by changes in its retinal image

60
Q

Size constancy

A

The principle that the perceived size of an object remains constant, despite changes in its retinal image.

60
Q

Perceptual construction

A

A mental model of external events.

61
Q

Brightness constancy

A

The principle that the apparent (or
relative) brightness of objects remains the same so long as they are illuminated by the same amount of light.

62
Q

Müller-Lyer illusion

A

Two equal-length lines tipped with inward or outward pointing Vs appear to be of different lengths.

63
Q

Depth perception

A

he ability to see three-dimensional (3-D) space and to judge distances accurately.

64
Q

Depth cues

A

Features of the environment and messages from the
body that supply information about distance and space.

65
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

Perceptual features that impart information
about distance and three-dimensional (3-D) space that require two eyes.

66
Q

Retinal disparity

A

Difference between the images projected onto
each eye.

67
Q

Stereoscopic vision

A

Perception of space and depth as a result of
each eye receiving different images.

68
Q

Convergence

A

Degree to which the eyes turn in to focus on a close object.

69
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

Perceptual features that impart information about distance and three-dimensional (3-D) space that
require just one eye.

70
Q

Pictorial depth cues

A

Monocular depth cues found in paintings, drawings, and photographs that impart information about space,
depth, and distance

71
Q
A
72
Q
A

Foundation of Psychology (8 decks)

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