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Foundation of Psychology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

Mental system for receiving, encoding, storing, organizing, altering, and retrieving information.

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2
Q

Encoding (in memory)

A

Converting information into a form to be retained in memory.

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3
Q

Storage (in memory)

A

Holding information in memory for later use

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4
Q

Retrieval (in memory)

A

Recovery of stored information.

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5
Q

Sensory memory

A

Fleeting storage system for sensory impressions

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6
Q

Iconic memory

A

A mental image or visual representation

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7
Q

Echoic memory

A

A brief continuation of sensory activity in the
auditory system after a sound is heard

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8
Q

Short-term memory (STM)

A

Storage system used to hold
small amounts of information in conscious awareness for about a dozen seconds.

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9
Q

Working memory

A

Another name for short-term memory, especially as it is used for thinking and problem solving.

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10
Q

Information bits

A

Meaningful units of information, such as
numbers, letters, words, or phrases

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11
Q

Chunking

A

Process of grouping similar or meaningful information
together.

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12
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Repeating information over and over to keep it active in short-term memory

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13
Q

Elaborative rehearsal (elaborative encoding)

A

Making memories more meaningful through processing that encodes links
between new information and existing memories and knowledge, either at the time of the original encoding or on subsequent retrievals

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14
Q

Long-term memory (LTM)

A

Unlimited capacity storage system that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.

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15
Q

Network model (of memory)

A

A model of memory that views it as an organized system of linked information.

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16
Q

Retrieval cue

A

Any information that can prompt or trigger the
retrieval of particular memories. Retrieval cues usually enhance
memory.

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17
Q

Redintegration

A

Process by which memories are reconstructed or
expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of association to other, related memories.

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18
Q

Priming

A

Facilitating the retrieval of an implicit memory by using
cues to activate hidden memories.

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19
Q

Explicit memory

A

A recollection that a person is aware of having or is consciously retrieved.

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20
Q

Semantic memory

A

A subpart of declarative memory that records
impersonal knowledge about the world.

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21
Q

Episodic memory

A

A subpart of declarative memory that records
personal experiences that are linked with specific times and places.

22
Q

Consolidation

A

Process by which relatively permanent memories
are formed in the brain.

23
Q

Hippocampus

A

Part of the limbic system associated with storing
memories

24
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

Especially vivid and detailed recollection of an emotional event.

25
Q

Encoding failure

A

Failure to store sufficient information to form a
useful memory.

26
Q

Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state

A

The feeling that a memory is
available but not quite retrievable

27
Q

Recall

A

Retrieval of information with a minimum of external cues.

28
Q

Serial position effect

A

When remembering an ordered list, the tendency to make the most errors with middle items.

29
Q

Recognition

A

Ability to correctly identify previously learned
information

30
Q

Relearning

A

Learning again something that was previously learned.
Used to measure memory of prior learning.

31
Q

Retrieval failure

A

Failure to access (locate) memories even though
they are available (stored in memory).

32
Q

Amnesia

A

Inability to form or retrieve memories of events due to an injury or trauma

33
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Inability to retrieve memories of events that
occurred before an injury or trauma.

34
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to form or retrieve memories of events that occur after an injury or trauma

35
Q

State-dependent learning

A

Memory influenced by one’s physical state at the time of learning and at the time of retrieval. Improved memory occurs when the physical states match.

36
Q

Interference

A

The tendency for new memories to impair retrieval
of older memories, and the reverse.

37
Q

Retroactive interference

A

The tendency for new memories to interfere with the retrieval of old memories

38
Q

Proactive interference

A

The tendency for old memories to interfere with the retrieval of newer memories

39
Q

Repression

A

Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in
the unconscious

40
Q

Suppression

A

A conscious effort to put something out of mind or
to keep it from awareness

41
Q

Decay theory

A

Proposition that the strength of memories weakens
over time, making them harder to retrieve

42
Q

Memory traces

A

Physical changes in neurons or brain activity that
take place when memories are stored

43
Q

Law of Disuse (in memory)

A

Proposition that memory traces weaken when memories are not periodically used or retrieved.

44
Q

False memory

A

A memory that can seem accurate but is not.

45
Q

Source confusion (in memory)

A

Occurs when the origins of a
memory are misremembered

46
Q

Cognitive interview

A

Use of various cues and strategies to improve
the memory of eyewitnesses

47
Q

Spaced practice

A

A practice schedule that alternates study periods
with brief rests.

48
Q

Massed practice

A

A practice schedule in which studying continues for long periods, without interruption.

49
Q

Mental images

A

Mental pictures or visual depictions used in memory and thinking.

50
Q

Mnemonic device

A

A strategy for enhancing memory.

51
Q

Keyword method

A

As an aid to memory, using a familiar word or image to link two items.

52
Q

Multimedia principle

A

The idea that people process words and mental images together better than they do words alone.

Foundation of Psychology (8 decks)

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