Chapter 8 Flashcards
Chyme
Semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, and into the small intestine.
Feces
Aka solid body waste, are expelled through the rectum and anus.
Defecation
Aka bowel movement, is the evacuation or emptying of the large intestine.
Borborygmus
Rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine.
Flatulence
Aka Flatus, is the passage of gas out of the body through the rectum.
Bariatrics
Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity associated with diseases.
Dentist
Holds a doctor of dental surgery (DDS) or doctor of medical dentistry (DMD) degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the teeth and tissues of the oral cavity.
Gastroenterologist
Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines.
Oral/Maxillofacial Surgeon
Specializes in surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries.
Orthodontist
Dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures.
Periodontist
Dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders pf the tissues surrounding the teeth.
Proctologist
Physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus.
Registered Dietitian
Specialist in food and nutrition who practices medical nutrition therapy and counsels patients on improving their dietary intake.
Aphthous Ulcers
Aka Canker sours or mouth ulcers, are gray-white pits with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth.
Cheilosis
Aka Cheilitis is a disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corner of the mouth.
Herpes Labialis
Aka cold sores or fever blisters, blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissues that are caused by the oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)
Leukoplakia
Abnormal white, usually benign legion (sore) that develops on the tongue or inside of the cheek.
Stomatitis
Inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth.
Stomatomycosis
Any disease of the mouth due to a fungus.
Oral Thrush
Type of Stomatomycosis that develops with the fungus Candida Albicans grows out of control.
Xerostomia
Aka dry mouth, is the lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands.
Gastrointestinal tract
also known as the GI tract
gastr/o means stomach
intestin means intestine
-al means pertaining to
these organs work in cooperation with accessory organs
Lips
known as the labia, surround the opening to the oral cavity (singular, labium). The term labia is also used to describe parts of the female genitalia.
Palate
which forms the roof of the mouth, consists of three major parts (hard palate, soft palate, and uvula)
Hard Palate
the anterior portion of the palate. This area is covered with specialized mucous membrane. Rugae are irregular ridges or folds in this mucous membrane
Soft Palate
the flexible posterior portion of the palate. During swallowing, it has the important role of closing off the nasal passage to prevent food and liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity
Uvula
the third part of the palate, and it hangs from the free edge of the soft palate. During swallowing, it moves upward with the soft palate. It also plays an important role in snoring and in the formation of some speech sounds
Tongue
very strong, flexible, and muscular. The posterior portion of it is attached. The anterior end of the tongue moves freely and is flexible. It is the structure of the tongue that makes it so important for chewing, speaking, and swallowing
Papillae
The small bumps in the tough protective covering of the upper surface of the tongue. The papillae (singular, papilla) contain taste buds, which are the sensory receptors for the sense of taste
Periodontium
describes the structures that surround, support, and are attached to the teeth.
peri- means surrounding
odonti means the teeth
-um is a noun ending
this consists of the bone of the dental arches and the soft tissues that surround and support the teeth
Gingiva
also known as the masticatory mucosa or the gums, is the specialized mucous membrane that covers the bone of the dental arches and surrounds the neck of the teeth (plural, gingivae)
Dental Arches
the bony structures of the oral cavity. These arches hold the teeth firmly in position to facilitate chewing and speaking
Temporomandibular Joint
commonly known as the TMI, is formed at the back of the mouth where the maxillary and mandibular arches come together
Dentition
refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws. Human dentition consist of four types of teeth (incisors, premolars, molars, and canines
Occlusion
as used in dentistry, describes any contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth
Salivary Glands
secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth
Pharynx
the common passageway for both respiration and digestion
Esophagus
the muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach
Lower Esophageal Sphincter
also known as the cardiac sphincter, is a muscular ring between the esophagus and the stomach. During swallowing, it relaxes to allow food to enter the stomach
Colectomy
Surgical removal of all or part of the colon
Root: col (colon)
Suffix: -ectomy (surgical removal)
Colotomy
Surgical incision into the colon
Root: col (colon)
Suffix: -otomy (surgical incision)
Diverticulectomy
Surgical removal of a diverticulum
Root: diverticul (diverticulum)
Suffix: -ectomy (surgical removal)
Gastroduodenostomy
The establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum
Root: gastr/o (stomach)
Root: duoden (first part of the small intestine)
Suffix: -ostomy (surgically creating an opening)
Anastomosis
A surgical connection between two hallow, or tubular, structures
Ileectomy
Surgical removal of the ileum
Root: ile (ileum)
Suffix:-ectomy (surgical removal)
Ostomy
Surgical procedure to greater an artificial opening between an organ and the body surface
Ileostomy
Surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the ileum, at the end of the small intestine, and the outside of the abdominal wall
Root: ile (small intestine)
Suffix: -ostomy (surgically creating an opening)
Colostomy
Surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface
Root: col (colon)
Suffix: -ostomy (surgically creating an opening)
Hemorrhoidectomy
Surgical removal of hemorrhoids
Root: hemorrhoid (hemorrhoid)
Suffix: -ectomy (surgical removal)
Proctopexy
Surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ
Root: proct/o (rectum)
Suffix: -pexy (surgical fixation)
Hepatectomy
Surgical removal of all or part of the liver
Root: hepat (liver)
Suffix: -ectomy (surgical removal)
Liver transplant
An option for a patient whose liver has failed for a reason other than liver cancer
Choledocholithotomy
Incision into the common bile duct for the removal of a gallstone
Root: choledoch/o (common bile duct)
Root: lith (stone)
Suffix: -otomy (surgical incision)
Cholecystectomy
Surgical removal of the gallbladder
Root:cholecyst (gallbladder)
Suffix: -ectomy (surgical removal)
Clostridium difficile (c. diff)
a bacterial infection common to older adults in hospitals or long term care facilities, typically following the use of antibiotics that wipe out competing bacteria. the disease causes diarrhea and can lead to inflammation of the colon.
dysentery
a bacterial infection that occurs most frequently in tropical countries where it is spread through food or water contaminated by human feces.
E.coli
caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli, and is transmitted through contaminated foods that have not been adequately cooked.
salmonellosis (salmonella)
is transmitted by feces, either through direct contact with animals or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked meats and eggs or unpasteurized milk and cheese products
anal fissure
a small crack like sore in the skin of the anus that can cause severe pain during a bowel movement
bowel incontinence
the inability to control the excretion of feces
constipation
defined as having a bowel movement fewer than three times a week. stools are usually dry, hard, small in size, and difficult to eliminate. Can be caused by a lack of fiber in the diet, disease, etc.
diarrhea
prefix: dia- through
suffix: rrhea- flow/discharge
definition: can abnormally frequent flow of lose or watery stools and can lead to dehydration.
hemorrhoids
occur when a cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening. these veins can become inflamed resulting in pain, fecal leakage, itching, and bleeding
rectocele
combining form: rect/o- rectum
suffix: cele- hernia
definition: a bulging of the front wall of the rectum into the vagina, usually, as the result of childbirth or pregnancy.
hematochezia
the presence of bright red blood in the stool, the bright red blood indicates that the blood is coming from the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract
melena
the passage of black, tarry, foul smelling stools. this is caused by the presence of digested blood and often indicates bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract
steatorrhea
combining form: steat/o- fat
suffix: rrhea- flow/discharge
definition: the presence of excess fat in the stool, resulting in frothy, foul smelling stools. this condition is usually caused by pancreatic disease, the removal of the gallbladder, or malabsorption disorders.
ascites
is abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity, usually the result of severe liver disease creating pressure on the livers blood vessels.
hepatomegaly
combining form: hepat/o- liver
suffix: megaly- enlargement
definition- is the abnormal enlargement of the liver
jaundice
a discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes. This condition is caused by greater-than-normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood
hepatitis
root word: hepat- liver
suffix: itis- inflammation
definition: inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
describes the accumulation of fat in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol. Those with this condition are usually those who are obese, have type two diabetes, or high cholesterol
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
combining form: steat/o- liver
root word: hepat- liver
suffix: itis- inflammation
definition: a more serious form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease because it consists of fatty accumulations plus liver damaging inflammation. In some cases this may progress to cirrhosis, irreversible liver scarring, or liver cancer.
