Chapter 5 Flashcards
Megaloblastic anemia
Combining form: Megal/o- large
Root: Blast - immature
Suffix: Ic - pertaining to
Definition: A blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal
Usually a result of deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12
Pernicious anemia
Definition: Caused by lack of the intrinsic factor protein (IF) that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract, a necessary vitamin for the formation of red blood cells
Sickle cell anemia
Definition: A serious genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, causing an abnormal sickle shape in some red blood cells,
This interferes with normal blood flow, resulting in damage to most of the body systems
Thalassemia
Definition: Inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal
Hypertension (HTN)
Prefix: hyper - excessive, higher than normal
Root: tension - pressure
Definition: High blood pressure
The elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system
Primary/idiopathic/essential HTN is consistently elevated blood pressure of unknown cause,
Secondary is caused by another problem, malignant is very high, can be fatal
Hypotension
Prefix: hypo - lower than normal
Root: tension - pressure
Definition: Lower-than-normal arterial blood pressure
Symptoms - dizziness, light-headedness, fainting
Orthostatic/postural hypotension
Definition: Low blood pressure that occurs when standing up
Orthostatic- relating to an upright or standing position
Angiography
Definition: Radiographic (x-ray) study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium to make these blood vessels visible
Angiogram - the resulting film used to study blood flow in arteries, veins, and blood vessels of the heart
Cardiac catheterization
Definition: Diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is put into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart
Used to preform angiography and treatment of blocked arteries
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
Definition: Uses angiography with computer assistance to clarify the view of the area of interest in the cardiovascular system by “subtracting” the soft tissue and bones from the image
Duplex ultrasound
Definition: A diagnostic procedure to image the sutures of the blood vessels and the flow of blood through these vessels
Combination of diagnostic ultrasound of blood vessels and Doppler ultrasound so show the movement of red blood cells through them
Venography/phlebography
Root: pleb - vein
Combining form: Phleb/o - vein
Suffix: Graphy - process of recording
Definition: A radiographic test that provides an image of specific veins after a contrast dye is injected, producing a venogram
Very accurate test for detecting deep vein thrombosis
Electrocardiography
Root: elect - electric
Combining form: Electr/o - electric
Root: cardi - heart
Combining form: Cardi/o - heart
Suffix: Graphy - process of recording a picture
Definition: Noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium
(Does not require insertion of an instrument or device)
Electrocardiogram
Root: elect - electric
Combining form: Electr/o - electric
Root: cardi - heart
Combining form: Cardi/o - heart
Suffix: Gram - picture of record
Definition: A record of electrical activity of the myocardium
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
Definition: a relatively new, minimally invasive procedure in which the existing valve is left in place and a fully collapsible replacement valve is delivered to the valve site through a catheter
After it is expanded within the defective valve, it takes over the function
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Definition: an emergency procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac compression
Compression-only resuscitation can be effective in keeping a patient suffering from cardiac arrest alive until professional responders arrive
Artificial resuscitation is recommended for children, drowning victims, and drug overdoses
Aneurysmectomy
Root: aneurysm -aneurysm
Suffix: ectomy - surgical removal of
Definition: the surgical removal of an aneurysm
Aneurysmorraphy / aneurysmoplasty
Root: aneurysm -aneurysm
Combing Form: aneurysm/o - aneurysm
Suffix: rraphy - surgical suturing
Definition: the surgical suturing of an aneurysm
Aneurysm clipping
Definition: surgical method to isolate an aneurysm from the rest of the circulatory system by placing a small titanium clip along its neck, which remains permanently to prevent blood from flowing into the aneurysm
Arteriectomy
Root: arteri - artery
Suffix: ectomy - surgical removal of
Definition: surgical removal of part of an artery
Hemostasis
Root: hem- blood
Combination form: hem/o - blood
Suffix: stasis - stopping or controlling
Definition: to stop or control bleeding
By the formation of a blood clot by the body, or external application of pressure
Plasmapheresis
Definition: plasma exchange
The removal whole blood from a body and the separation of blood’s cellular elements
Red blood cells and platelets suspended in saline or plasma substitute and returned to circulatory system, cleansing of antibodies
Pulmonary Circulation
Definition: The flow of blood only between the heart and lungs
Pulmonary Arteries
Carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs. This is the only place in the body where deoxygenated blood is carried by arteries instead of veins.
Pulmonary Veins
Carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart. This is the only place in the body where veins carry oxygenated blood.
Systematic Circulation
Definition: The flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs
Heartbeat
Definition: The ability to pump blood effectively throughout the body; the contraction and relaxation (beating) of the heart must occur in exactly the correct sequence
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
- Establishes basic rhythm and rate of the heartbeat
- Located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava
Atrioventricular Node
- Transmits electrical impulses onward to the bundle of His
Bundle of His (HISS)
- Group of fibers located within the interventricular septum
- These carry an electrical impulse to the Purkinje fibers to ensure the sequence of the heart contractions
Thrombocytes
Also known as platelets, are the smallest formed elements of the blood.
Blood types
Classified according to the presence or absence of certain antigens.
Rh Factor
Defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells.
Blood Gases
Gases that are normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood
Cardiologist
Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the heart.
Hematologist
Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.
Vascular Surgeon
Physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels.
Congenital Heart defects
Structural abnormalities caused by failure of the heart to develop normally before birth
Coronary artery disease
Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces blood supply to the heart muscle.
Atherosclerosis
Hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries.
Plaque
A fatty deposit, found within the lumen of an artery, which is similar to a the build up of rust inside a pipe.
Atheroma
Characteristic of atherosclerosis and is a deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall.
Ischemia
Condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body.
Angina
Condition where severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium.
Myocardial Infarction
Commonly known as a heart attack, occlusion (blockage) of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque build up.
thrombocytopenia
-Combining form(s): thromb/o means clot, cyt/o means cell
-Suffix: -penia- means deficiency
-definition: a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood.
-this condition is sometimes associated with abnormal bleeding
thrombocytosis
combining form: thromb/o- means clot
root word: cyt- means cell
suffix: -osis - means abnormal condition
definition: an abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood
hemorrhage
combining form: hem/o- means blood
suffix: -rrhage: means bleeding
definition: the loss of a large amount of blood in a short time.
transfusion reaction
a serious and potentially fatal complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient’s blood and the donated blood do not match
cholesterol
definition: a fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body
-aids in the production of cell membranes, some hormones, and vitamin D.
-some comes from dietary sources and some is created by the liver.
-excessively high levels of certain types of cholesterol can lead to heart disease.
Total cholesterol
is measured in terms of milligrams per deciliter of blood.
desirable levels are below 200 mg/dL
borderline high levels are 200-239 mg/dL
high levels are 240 mg/dL and above.
low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)
referred to as bad cholesterol because excess quantities of LDL contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries
optimal levels: below 100 mg/dL
near optimal: 100-129 mg/dL
borderline high: 130-159 mg/dL
high levels: 160-189 mg/dL
very high: 190 mg/dL and above
high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL)
referred to as good cholesterol because it carries unneeded cholesterol back to the liver for processing and does not contribute to plaque buildup
low- below 40 mg/dL
high- 60 mg/dL
triglycerides
combinations of fatty acids attatched to glycerol that are also found normally in the blood in limited quantities
normal- below 150 mg/dL
borderline high- 150-199 mg/dL
high- 200-499 mg/dL
very high- 500 mg/dL
hyperlipidemia
prefix- hyper: means excessive
root word- lipid: means fat
suffix- -emia: means blood condition
the general term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood.
myelodysplastic syndrome
a type of cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow. some patients later develop acute myeloid leukemia.
leukemia
prefix- leuk: means white
suffix- -emia: means blood condition
a type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) found in blood forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood. types of leukemia are named based on how quickly they progress and the type of white blood cells involved.
anemia
prefix- an: means without or less than
suffix- -emia: means blood condition
lower than normal number of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the blood.
the severity of this condition is usually measured by the decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood.
aplastic anemia
prefix- a: means without
root word- plast: means growth
suffix- -ic: means pertaining to
is characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
iron deficiency anemia
the most common form of anemia. this deficiency can be caused by blood loss, poor absorption of iron, or inadequate dietary intake of iron.
Cardiovascular
pertaining to the heart and blood vessels
root: cardi (heart) + vascul (blood vessels)
combining form: cardi/o (heart)
suffix: -ar (pertaining to)
Heart
hollow, muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs. this small organ, about the size of a fist, is a very effective pump that furnishes the power to maintain the blood flow needed throughout the entire body
Pericardium
the double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart
prefix: peri- (surrounding)
root: cardi (heart)
suffix: -um (singular noun ending)
Epicardium
the external layer of the heart and inner layer of the pericardium
prefix: epi- (upon)
root: cardi (heart)
suffix: -um (singular noun ending)
Myocardium
the middle and thickest of the heart’s three layers
root: my (muscle) + cardi (heart)
combining form: my/o (muscle)
suffix: -um (singular noun ending)
Endocardium
consists of the epithelial tissue, is the inner lining of the heart
prefix: endo- (within)
root: cardi (heart)
suffix: -um (singular noun ending)
Coronary arteries
supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium
Atria
the two upper chambers of the heart, and these chambers ae divided by interatrial septum
Ventricles
the two lower chambers of the heart, and these chambers are divided by interventricular septum
Tricuspid Valve
controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle. the term tricuspid means having three cusps (points), and this describes the shape of the valve
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. Pulmonary means pertaining to the lungs and semilunar means half-moon. This valve is shaped like a half-moon
Mitral Valve
located between the left atrium and left ventricle. mitral means shaped like a bishop’s mitre (hat). This valve is also known as the bicuspid valve because bicuspid means having two cusps (points), which describes the shape of this valve
Aortic Semilunar Valve
located between the left ventricle and the aorta (aort- means aorta and -ic means pertaining to). semilunar means half-moon, which describes the shape of this valve
Right Atrium (RA)
receives the oxygen-poor blood from all tissues, except the lungs, trhough the superior and inferior venae cavae. Blood flows out of the RA through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
Right Ventricle (RV)
pumps the oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs
Left Atrium (LA)
receives the oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the the four pulmonary veins. the blood flows out of the LA, through the mitral valve, and into the left ventricle
Left Ventricle (LV)
receives the oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium. Blood flows out of the LV through the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta, which carries it to all parts of the body, except the lungs.
Vasodilator
It causes blood to expand. Is the opposite of a vasoconstrictor
Nitroglycerin
Is a vasodilator that is prescribed to prevent or relieve the pain of angina by dilating the blood vessels to the heart. This increases the blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart.
Angioplasty
Def: technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel
Root: angi/o (blood vessel) Suffix: -plasty (surgical repair)
Percutaneous transluminal cornonary angioplasty
Known as a ballon angioplasty. Is a procedure in which a small ballon on the end of a catheter is used to open a partially blocked coronary artery.
Laser angioplasty
involves a laser on the end of a catheter, which uses beams of light to remove the plaque deposit
Stent
A wire-mesh tube that is commonly placed after the artery has been opened. Provides support to the arterial wall, keeps plaque from expanding again, and prevents restenosis
Restenosis
Def: the condition when an artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again
Prefix: re- (again) Suffix: -stenosis (narrowing)
Atherectomy
Def: surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery
Root: ather (plaque) Suffix: -ectomy (surgical removal)
Carotid endarterectomy
The surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain.
Coronary artery bypass graft
Known as bypass surgery. Requires opening of the chest, a piece of vein from the leg or chest is implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery and to improve the hearts flow.
Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass
Known as keyhole bypass. Is an alternative technique for bypass patients. Procedure is performed with the aid of a fiber-optic camera through small openings between the ribs.
Defibrillation
The use of electrical shock to restore the heart’s normal rhythm
Automated external defibrillator
Designed for nonprofessionals in emergency situations when required. Equipment automatically samples the hearts rhythm and shocks the heart to restore a normal cardiac rhythm.
Artificial pacemaker
Used as treatment for bradycardia or atrial fibrillation, sometimes used for other heart conditions. Can be attached externally or implanted under the skin with connections leading into the heart to regulate the heartbeat
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
A double action pacemaker and regulates heartbeat to ensure it doesn’t beat too slowly. Also acts as an automatic defibrillator
Cardiac ablation
A procedure that uses radio-frequency energy (heat) or extreme cold to scar or destroy the heart tissue triggering an abnormal heart rhythm
Valvuloplasty
Def: surgical repair of the heart valve
Root: valvul/o (valve) Suffix: -plasty (surgical repair)
Heart valve replacement
Surgery to replace one of the four heart valves, usually aortic or mitral valve
Holter Monitor
A portable electrocardiograph worn by an ambulatory patient to monitor heart rates & rhythms over a 24 - or 48-hour time period
Stress Test
Performed to assess cardiovascular health & function during/after stress. Involves monitoring with an electrocardiograph, while a patient exercises on a treadmill OR is injected with a chemical in order to increase patient’s heart rate.
Thallium Stress Test (THAL-ee-um)
Performed to evaluate how well blood flows through coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise by injecting a small amount of thallium into the bloodstream.
If not taken up equally by all heart muscle cells, it shows a decrease in blood flow to part of the heart.
Antihypertensive (an-tih-high-per-TEN-siv)
A medication given to lower blood pressure.
Sometimes also used to treat other heart conditions.
ACE Inhibitor (angiotensin-converting enzyme)
This blocks the action of the enzyme that causes blood vessels to contract, resulting in hypertension.
When this enzyme is blocked, the blood vessels are able to dilate (enlarge), and this reduces the blood pressure.
These medication are used mostly to treat hypertension & heart failure.
Beta-Blocker
This medication reduces the workload of the heart by slowing down the rate of the heartbeat.
Commonly prescribed to lower blood pressure, relieve angina, or treat heart failure.
Calcium Channel Blocker Agents
These cause the heart & blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures. This relaxation reduces the workload of heart by increasing the supply of blood & oxygen.
Some calcium channel blocker agents are used to treat hypertension or to relieve/control angina.
Diuretic (dye-you-RET-ick)
These are administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water.
These medications are administered to treat hypertension & heart failure by reducing the amount of fluid circulating in the blood.
Antiarrhythmic (an-tih-ah-RITH-mick)
A medication administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat.
Anticoagulant (an-tih-koh-AG-you-lant)
A medication that slows coagulation & prevents new clots from forming; sometimes referred to as blood thinners.
Coagulation = the process of clotting blood
Coumadin’ (KOO-mah-din)
Brand name for warfarin; an anticoagulant administered to prevent blood clots from forming or growing bigger.
Often prescribed for patients with clotting difficulties, certain types of heartbeat irregularities, or after a heart attack or heart valve replacement.
Heparin (HEP-ah-rin)
Another common anticoagulant medicine that works faster than Coumadin, but must be administered through an injection or in an IV solution.
Heparin (HEP-ah-rin)
Another common anticoagulant medicine that works faster than Coumadin, but must be administered through an injection or in an IV solution.
Aspirin
Medication taken in a very small daily dose (81 mg); commonly known as baby aspirin.
May be recommended to reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke by reducing the ability of blood to clot.
Aspirin
Medication taken in a very small daily dose (81 mg); commonly known as baby aspirin.
May be recommended to reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke by reducing the ability of blood to clot.
Cholesterol-lowering Drugs
Drugs used to combat hyperlipidemia by reducing the undesirable cholesterol levels in the blood.
Digitalis (dij-ih-TAL-is)
Available as the drug preparation digoxin; medicine that strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle, slows the heart rate, & helps to eliminate fluid from body tissues.
This drug, containing extracts from foxglove plants, is used to treat & prevent certain types of arrhythmias, as wells as some other heart conditions.
Thrombolytic (throm-boh-LIT-ick)
Definition: also known as a clot-busting drug, dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up.
The use of drugs to break up a thrombus is called thrombolytic therapy
Root Word & CF: thromb/o - means clot
Suffix: -lytic - means to destroy
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (plaz-MIN-oh-jen)
A thrombolytic drug administered to some patients having a heart attack or stroke.
If administered within a few hours after symptoms begin, this medication can dissolve the damaging blood clots.
Vasoconstrictor (vas-oh-kon-STRICK-tor)
A medication that causes blood vessels to narrow; a vasoconstrictor med is the opposite of a vasodilator med.
Examples of vasoconstrictor medications include antihistamines and decongestants.
Aphonia
the loss of ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds.
a: without
phon: sound or voice
-ia: abnormal condition
Dysphonia
Difficulty in speaking, which may include any impairment in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakness, or the cracking of a boy’s voice during puberty.
dys: bad
phon: sound or voice
-ia: abnormal condition
Laryngitis
an inflammation of the larynx. This term is also commonly used to describe voice loss that is caused by inflammation
laryng: larynx
-itis: inflammation
Tracheorrhagia
bleeding from the mucous membranes of the trachea
trache/o: trachea
rrhagia: bleeding
Bronchiectasis
is the permanent dilation of the bronchi, caused by chronic infection and inflammation
bronch/i: bronchus
ectasis: streching or enlargement
Bronchorrhea
an excessive discharge of the mucus from the bronchi. This is often caused by bronchitis or asthma
bronch/o: bronchus
-rrhea: abnormal flow
Pleurisy
also known as pleuritis, is an inflammation of the pleura, the membranes that cover the lungs and line the pleural cavity. Pleurisy, which causes pleurodynia, may result from trama, tuberculosis, connective tissue disease, or an infection
pleur: pleura
-isy: noun ending
Pleurodynia
sharp pain that occurs when inflamed membranes rub against each other with inhalation
pleur/o: pleura
-dynia: pain
Cleft palate
failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus. This opening can involve the upper lip, hard palate, and/or soft palate. If not corrected, this opening between the nose and mouth makes it difficult for the child to eat and speak. Cleft lip and Cleft palate can occur singly or together and usually can be corrected surgically.
Cleft lip
also known as harelip, is a birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose as a result of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development.
Bruxism
involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress. it can also occur habittually, during the day. Bruxism wears away tooth structure, damages periodontal tissues, and injures the temporomandibular joint.
Dental caries
Also known as tooth decay or a cavaity, is an infection disease caused by bacteria that destroys the enamel and dentin of the tooth. If the decay process is not arrested, the pul[ can be exposed and become infected
Dental plaque
plaque, which is a major cause for dental caries and periodontal disease, forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth. Dental plaque consists of bacteria and bacterial by products. In contrast, the plaque associated with heart condition consists of deposits of cholesterol that form within blood vessels
Edentulous
means without teeth. This term describes the situation after the natural permanent teeth have been lost
Halitosis
also known as bad breath, is an unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders
halit: bad breathe
-osis: abnormal condition
Malocclusion
is any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth
Periodontal disease
Also known as periodontitis, is an inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth. This progressive disease is classified according to the degree of tissue involvement. In severe cases, the gums and bone surrounding the teeth are involved.
peri: surrounding
odont: tooth or teeth
-al: pertaining to
Dental Calculus
also known as tartar, is dental palque that has calcified on the teeth. These desposit
