Chapter 5 Flashcards

Question

Pulmonary Veins

Answer 1

Carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart. This is the only place in the body where veins carry oxygenated blood.

Answer 2

Definition: The flow of blood to all parts of the body *except* the lungs

Answer 3

Definition: The ability to pump blood effectively throughout the body; the contraction and relaxation (beating) of the heart must occur in exactly the correct sequence

Answer 4

- Establishes basic rhythm and rate of the heartbeat - Located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava

Answer 5

- Transmits electrical impulses onward to the bundle of His

Answer 6

- Group of fibers located within the interventricular septum - These carry an electrical impulse to the Purkinje fibers to ensure the sequence of the heart contractions

Answer 7

Also known as platelets, are the smallest formed elements of the blood.

Answer 8

Classified according to the presence or absence of certain antigens.

Answer 9

Defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells.

Answer 10

Gases that are normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood

Answer 11

Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the heart.

Answer 12

Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.

Answer 13

Physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels.

Answer 14

Structural abnormalities caused by failure of the heart to develop normally before birth

Answer 15

Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces blood supply to the heart muscle.

Answer 16

Hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries.

Answer 17

A fatty deposit, found within the lumen of an artery, which is similar to a the build up of rust inside a pipe.

Answer 18

Characteristic of atherosclerosis and is a deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall.

Answer 19

Condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body.

Answer 20

Condition where severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium.

Answer 21

Commonly known as a heart attack, occlusion (blockage) of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque build up.

Answer 22

-Combining form(s): thromb/o means clot, cyt/o means cell -Suffix: -penia- means deficiency -definition: a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood. -this condition is sometimes associated with abnormal bleeding

Answer 23

combining form: thromb/o- means clot root word: cyt- means cell suffix: -osis - means abnormal condition definition: an abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood

Answer 24

combining form: hem/o- means blood suffix: -rrhage: means bleeding definition: the loss of a large amount of blood in a short time.

Answer 25

a serious and potentially fatal complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient's blood and the donated blood do not match

Answer 26

definition: a fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body -aids in the production of cell membranes, some hormones, and vitamin D. -some comes from dietary sources and some is created by the liver. -excessively high levels of certain types of cholesterol can lead to heart disease.

Answer 27

is measured in terms of milligrams per deciliter of blood. desirable levels are below 200 mg/dL borderline high levels are 200-239 mg/dL high levels are 240 mg/dL and above.

Answer 28

referred to as bad cholesterol because excess quantities of LDL contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries optimal levels: below 100 mg/dL near optimal: 100-129 mg/dL borderline high: 130-159 mg/dL high levels: 160-189 mg/dL very high: 190 mg/dL and above

Answer 29

referred to as good cholesterol because it carries unneeded cholesterol back to the liver for processing and does not contribute to plaque buildup low- below 40 mg/dL high- 60 mg/dL

Answer 30

combinations of fatty acids attatched to glycerol that are also found normally in the blood in limited quantities normal- below 150 mg/dL borderline high- 150-199 mg/dL high- 200-499 mg/dL very high- 500 mg/dL

Answer 31

prefix- hyper: means excessive root word- lipid: means fat suffix- -emia: means blood condition the general term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood.

Answer 32

a type of cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow. some patients later develop acute myeloid leukemia.

Answer 33

prefix- leuk: means white suffix- -emia: means blood condition a type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) found in blood forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood. types of leukemia are named based on how quickly they progress and the type of white blood cells involved.

Answer 34

prefix- an: means without or less than suffix- -emia: means blood condition lower than normal number of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the blood. the severity of this condition is usually measured by the decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood.

Answer 35

prefix- a: means without root word- plast: means growth suffix- -ic: means pertaining to is characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow

Answer 36

the most common form of anemia. this deficiency can be caused by blood loss, poor absorption of iron, or inadequate dietary intake of iron.

Answer 37

pertaining to the heart and blood vessels root: cardi (heart) + vascul (blood vessels) combining form: cardi/o (heart) suffix: -ar (pertaining to)

Answer 38

hollow, muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs. this small organ, about the size of a fist, is a very effective pump that furnishes the power to maintain the blood flow needed throughout the entire body

Answer 39

the double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart prefix: peri- (surrounding) root: cardi (heart) suffix: -um (singular noun ending)

Answer 40

the external layer of the heart and inner layer of the pericardium prefix: epi- (upon) root: cardi (heart) suffix: -um (singular noun ending)

Answer 41

the middle and thickest of the heart's three layers root: my (muscle) + cardi (heart) combining form: my/o (muscle) suffix: -um (singular noun ending)

Answer 42

consists of the epithelial tissue, is the inner lining of the heart prefix: endo- (within) root: cardi (heart) suffix: -um (singular noun ending)

Answer 43

supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium

Answer 44

the two upper chambers of the heart, and these chambers ae divided by interatrial septum

Answer 45

the two lower chambers of the heart, and these chambers are divided by interventricular septum

Answer 46

controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle. the term tricuspid means having three cusps (points), and this describes the shape of the valve

Answer 47

located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. Pulmonary means pertaining to the lungs and semilunar means half-moon. This valve is shaped like a half-moon

Answer 48

located between the left atrium and left ventricle. mitral means shaped like a bishop's mitre (hat). This valve is also known as the bicuspid valve because bicuspid means having two cusps (points), which describes the shape of this valve

Answer 49

located between the left ventricle and the aorta (aort- means aorta and -ic means pertaining to). semilunar means half-moon, which describes the shape of this valve

Answer 50

receives the oxygen-poor blood from all tissues, except the lungs, trhough the superior and inferior venae cavae. Blood flows out of the RA through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

Answer 51

pumps the oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs

Answer 52

receives the oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the the four pulmonary veins. the blood flows out of the LA, through the mitral valve, and into the left ventricle

Answer 53

receives the oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium. Blood flows out of the LV through the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta, which carries it to all parts of the body, except the lungs.

Answer 54

It causes blood to expand. Is the opposite of a vasoconstrictor

Answer 55

Is a vasodilator that is prescribed to prevent or relieve the pain of angina by dilating the blood vessels to the heart. This increases the blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart.

Answer 56

Def: technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel Root: angi/o (blood vessel) Suffix: -plasty (surgical repair)

Answer 57

Known as a ballon angioplasty. Is a procedure in which a small ballon on the end of a catheter is used to open a partially blocked coronary artery.

Answer 58

involves a laser on the end of a catheter, which uses beams of light to remove the plaque deposit

Answer 59

A wire-mesh tube that is commonly placed after the artery has been opened. Provides support to the arterial wall, keeps plaque from expanding again, and prevents restenosis

Answer 60

Def: the condition when an artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again Prefix: re- (again) Suffix: -stenosis (narrowing)

Answer 61

Def: surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery Root: ather (plaque) Suffix: -ectomy (surgical removal)

Answer 62

The surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain.

Answer 63

Known as bypass surgery. Requires opening of the chest, a piece of vein from the leg or chest is implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery and to improve the hearts flow.

Answer 64

Known as keyhole bypass. Is an alternative technique for bypass patients. Procedure is performed with the aid of a fiber-optic camera through small openings between the ribs.

Answer 65

The use of electrical shock to restore the heart’s normal rhythm

Answer 66

Designed for nonprofessionals in emergency situations when required. Equipment automatically samples the hearts rhythm and shocks the heart to restore a normal cardiac rhythm.

Answer 67

Used as treatment for bradycardia or atrial fibrillation, sometimes used for other heart conditions. Can be attached externally or implanted under the skin with connections leading into the heart to regulate the heartbeat

Answer 68

A double action pacemaker and regulates heartbeat to ensure it doesn’t beat too slowly. Also acts as an automatic defibrillator

Answer 69

A procedure that uses radio-frequency energy (heat) or extreme cold to scar or destroy the heart tissue triggering an abnormal heart rhythm

Answer 70

Def: surgical repair of the heart valve Root: valvul/o (valve) Suffix: -plasty (surgical repair)

Answer 71

Surgery to replace one of the four heart valves, usually aortic or mitral valve

Answer 72

A portable electrocardiograph worn by an ambulatory patient to monitor heart rates & rhythms over a 24 - or 48-hour time period

Answer 73

Performed to assess cardiovascular health & function during/after stress. Involves monitoring with an electrocardiograph, while a patient exercises on a treadmill OR is injected with a chemical in order to increase patient’s heart rate.

Answer 74

Performed to evaluate how well blood flows through coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise by injecting a small amount of thallium into the bloodstream. If not taken up equally by all heart muscle cells, it shows a decrease in blood flow to part of the heart.

Answer 75

A medication given to lower blood pressure. Sometimes also used to treat other heart conditions.

Answer 76

This blocks the action of the enzyme that causes blood vessels to contract, resulting in hypertension. When this enzyme is blocked, the blood vessels are able to dilate (enlarge), and this reduces the blood pressure. These medication are used mostly to treat hypertension & heart failure.

Answer 77

This medication reduces the workload of the heart by slowing down the rate of the heartbeat. Commonly prescribed to lower blood pressure, relieve angina, or treat heart failure.

Answer 78

These cause the heart & blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures. This relaxation reduces the workload of heart by increasing the supply of blood & oxygen. Some calcium channel blocker agents are used to treat hypertension or to relieve/control angina.

Answer 79

These are administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water. These medications are administered to treat hypertension & heart failure by reducing the amount of fluid circulating in the blood.

Answer 80

A medication administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat.

Answer 81

A medication that slows coagulation & prevents new clots from forming; sometimes referred to as blood thinners. Coagulation = the process of clotting blood

Answer 82

Brand name for warfarin; an anticoagulant administered to prevent blood clots from forming or growing bigger. Often prescribed for patients with clotting difficulties, certain types of heartbeat irregularities, or after a heart attack or heart valve replacement.

Answer 83

Another common anticoagulant medicine that works faster than Coumadin, but must be administered through an injection or in an IV solution.

Answer 84

Another common anticoagulant medicine that works faster than Coumadin, but must be administered through an injection or in an IV solution.

Answer 85

Medication taken in a very small daily dose (81 mg); commonly known as baby aspirin. May be recommended to reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke by reducing the ability of blood to clot.

Answer 86

Medication taken in a very small daily dose (81 mg); commonly known as baby aspirin. May be recommended to reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke by reducing the ability of blood to clot.

Answer 87

Drugs used to combat hyperlipidemia by reducing the undesirable cholesterol levels in the blood.

Answer 88

Available as the drug preparation digoxin; medicine that strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle, slows the heart rate, & helps to eliminate fluid from body tissues. This drug, containing extracts from foxglove plants, is used to treat & prevent certain types of arrhythmias, as wells as some other heart conditions.

Answer 89

Definition: also known as a clot-busting drug, dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up. The use of drugs to break up a thrombus is called thrombolytic therapy Root Word & CF: thromb/o - means clot Suffix: -lytic - means to destroy

Answer 90

A thrombolytic drug administered to some patients having a heart attack or stroke. If administered within a few hours after symptoms begin, this medication can dissolve the damaging blood clots.

Answer 91

A medication that causes blood vessels to narrow; a vasoconstrictor med is the opposite of a vasodilator med. Examples of vasoconstrictor medications include antihistamines and decongestants.

Answer 92

the loss of ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds. a: without phon: sound or voice -ia: abnormal condition

Answer 93

Difficulty in speaking, which may include any impairment in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakness, or the cracking of a boy's voice during puberty. dys: bad phon: sound or voice -ia: abnormal condition

Answer 94

an inflammation of the larynx. This term is also commonly used to describe voice loss that is caused by inflammation laryng: larynx -itis: inflammation

Answer 95

bleeding from the mucous membranes of the trachea trache/o: trachea rrhagia: bleeding

Answer 96

is the permanent dilation of the bronchi, caused by chronic infection and inflammation bronch/i: bronchus ectasis: streching or enlargement

Answer 97

an excessive discharge of the mucus from the bronchi. This is often caused by bronchitis or asthma bronch/o: bronchus -rrhea: abnormal flow

Answer 98

also known as pleuritis, is an inflammation of the pleura, the membranes that cover the lungs and line the pleural cavity. Pleurisy, which causes pleurodynia, may result from trama, tuberculosis, connective tissue disease, or an infection pleur: pleura -isy: noun ending

Answer 99

sharp pain that occurs when inflamed membranes rub against each other with inhalation pleur/o: pleura -dynia: pain

Answer 100

failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus. This opening can involve the upper lip, hard palate, and/or soft palate. If not corrected, this opening between the nose and mouth makes it difficult for the child to eat and speak. Cleft lip and Cleft palate can occur singly or together and usually can be corrected surgically.

Answer 101

also known as harelip, is a birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose as a result of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development.

Answer 102

involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress. it can also occur habittually, during the day. Bruxism wears away tooth structure, damages periodontal tissues, and injures the temporomandibular joint.

Answer 103

Also known as tooth decay or a cavaity, is an infection disease caused by bacteria that destroys the enamel and dentin of the tooth. If the decay process is not arrested, the pul[ can be exposed and become infected

Answer 104

plaque, which is a major cause for dental caries and periodontal disease, forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth. Dental plaque consists of bacteria and bacterial by products. In contrast, the plaque associated with heart condition consists of deposits of cholesterol that form within blood vessels

Answer 105

means without teeth. This term describes the situation after the natural permanent teeth have been lost

Answer 106

also known as bad breath, is an unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders halit: bad breathe -osis: abnormal condition

Answer 107

is any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth

Answer 108

Also known as periodontitis, is an inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth. This progressive disease is classified according to the degree of tissue involvement. In severe cases, the gums and bone surrounding the teeth are involved. peri: surrounding odont: tooth or teeth -al: pertaining to

Answer 109

also known as tartar, is dental palque that has calcified on the teeth. These desposit