Chapter 6 part 2 Flashcards
Autoimmune disorder/disease
Definition: a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its OWN tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissue, or organs for antigens
Immunodeficiency disorder
Definition: Occurs when the immune system is compromised
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is inherited, abnormalities in system cause increased susceptibility and failure to thrive due to infection
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Definition: A blood borne infection in which the virus damages or kills T cells
Causes immune system to fail and body at risk
Opportunistic infection
Definition: caused by a pathogen that does not normally cause infection in humans
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Definition: most advanced and fatal stage of HIV
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Definition: cancer that causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin in mouth, nose, throat, etc
Ex of opportunistic infection w/ HIV
ELISA
Definition: blood test used to screen for presence of HIV, antibodies, Lyme disease, etc
Stands for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Western blot test
Definition: more accurate blood test than ELISA test, used to verify in case of false positive results
Immunotherapy
Combining form: immun/o - immune
Suffix: therapy - treatment
Definition: disease treatment involving either stimulating (for malignancy) or repressing (for allergies) the immune system
Synthetic immunoglobulin
Definition: used as a post-exposure preventative measure against certain viruses, like rabies and some hepatitis
Provides temporary immunity
Synthetic immunoglobulin
Definition: used as a post-exposure preventative measure against certain viruses, like rabies and some hepatitis
Provides temporary immunity
Synthetic interferon
Definition: used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C, and some cancers
Monoclonal antibodies
Definition: any class of antibodies produced in the lab by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells
- Used to enhance patient’s immune response to certain certain malignancies
Immunosuppression
Definition: treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to a stimulation by antigens
Immunosuppressant
Definition: a substance that prevents or reduces the body’s normal immune response
Administered to prevent rejection donor tissue and depress autoimmune disorders
Corticosteroid drugs
Definition: a hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant
Corticosteroid are also made naturally
Cytotoxic drug
CF: cyt/o - cell
Root word: tox - poison
Suffix: ic - pertaining to
Definition: medication that kills or damages cells, used as immunosuppressants or antineoplastics
Bacteria
Definition: one-celled microscopic organisms, mostly not harmful to humans
Sarcoma
Root word: sarc- flesh
Suffix: oma - tumor
Definition: malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues, including hard, soft, and liquid connective tissues
Osteosarcoma
CF: oste/o - bone
Root word: sarc- flesh
Suffix: oma - tumor
Definition hard-tissue sarcoma that involves the upper shaft of the long bones, pelvis, or knee
Synovial sarcoma
Definition: tumor of the tissues surrounding a synovial joint such as knees or elbows
Leukemia
CF: leuk/o - white
Suffix: emia- pertaining to blood
Cancer of the white blood-forming cells in the bone marrow
Ex of a liquid-tissue sarcoma
Staging
Definition: process of classifying tumors by how far the disease has progressed, the potential for it’s response to to therapy, and patients prognosis
Different stages used depending on what cancer it is
Lymphoma
Definition: general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissue, including lymph nodes, spleen/ liver, and bone marrow
Hodgkin’s lymphoma/disease
Definition: cancer if the immune system distinguished by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells
Compomises ability to fight infection
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Definition: all other lymphomas, more common, originating from lymphocytes
Aggressive (fast-growing) or indolent(slow-growing)
Breast cancer
Definition: carcinoma that develops from breast cells and can spread to adjacent lymph nodes
Most ER-positive(grow in response to hormone estrogen)
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
Definition: breast cancer at the earliest stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct, nearly 100% curable
Infiltration ductal carcinoma (IDC)
Definition: starts in milk ducts and invades the fatty breast tissue outside of the duct, most common form of
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC)
Definition: rare but aggressive, cancer cells block lymphatic vessels in the skin of the breast
Grows rapidly, symptoms include pain, rapid increase in size, redness and rash, and swelling near by
Breast self-examination
Definition: self-care procedure for early detection of breast cancer, checking for new lumps or changes in existing lumps, shape of nipple, and skin
Mammography
CF: mamm/o - breast
Suffix: graphy- process of producing a picture or record
Definition: radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells
Molecular breast imaging (MBI)
Definition: nuclear medicine technique using gamma radiation to detect potential tumors in particularly dense breast tissue
Ultrasound
Definition: often used as an initial follow-up test when an abnormality if found by mammography
Breast MRI
Definition: uses magnets and radio waves, and the insertion of a contrast medium via IV, to get more detailed info for those already diagnosed with cancer or to look for signs in high-risk patients
Needle breast biopsy
Root: bi- pertaining to life
Suffix: opsy- view of
Definition: technique in which an x-ray or MRI guided needle is used to remove small samples of tissue from the breast for diagnosis and planning of treatment
Surgical biopsy
Definition: removal of a small piece of tissue for examination to confirm a diagnosis and plan treatment
More invasive
Lymph node dissection
Definition: a surgical procedure in which all of the lymph nodes of a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer in this area
Lumpectomy
Definition: the surgical removal of only the cancerous tissue with the surrounding margin of normal tissue
Mastectomy
Root: mast - breast
Suffix: ectomy - surgical removal
Definition: surgical removal of the entire breast and nipple and usually axillary lymph nodes under adjacent arm
Radical mastectomy
Definition: Surgical removal of an entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues
Modified radical mastectomy
Definition: surgical removal of the entire breast and all axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm
Chemotherapy
Definition: the use of chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues
Chemoprevention
Definition: use if natural or synthetic substances such as drugs or vitamins to reduce risk if developing cancer or reoccurrence, or to reduce size and slow existing cancer
Antineoplastic
Prefix: anti - against
CF: ne/o- new
Root: plast- growth or formation
Suffix: ic - pertaining to
Definition: medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation(rapid increase) of malignant cells
Radiation therapy
Definition: used in the treatment of some cancers with the goal of destroying only cancerous cells and sparing healthy tissues
Brachytherapy
Prefix: brachy - short
Suffix: therapy - treatment
Definition: the use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated
Teletherapy
Prefix: tele - distant
Suffix: therapy - treatment
Definition: radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body
Precise with 3d imaging
Tomotherapy
CF: tom/o - slice
Suffix: therapy - treatment
Definition:a combination of tomography and radiation therapy to precisely target the tumor and deliver radiation slice by slice to the tumor and is able to avoid healthy tissue
Targeted therapy
Definition: a developing form of anticancer drugs that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells ( ex monoclonal antibodies)
Adjuvant therapy
Definition: sometimes used after primary cancer treatments are completed to decrease chance cancer will recur
Adjuvant means agent intended to increase effectiveness of a drug but can include any cancer treatment
Clinical trials
Definition: involve testing new, promising cancer treatments that have not yet received Food and Drug Administration approval (FDA) on patients who agree to be a part of the research
