Chapter 10 Flashcards
Multiple Sclerosis
Progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that caused demyelination of the myelin sheath.
Bell’s palsy
Temporary paralysis of the seventh crania nerve that causes paralysis of the face only on the affected side.
Guillian-Barre syndrome
Inflammation of the myelin sheath of the peripheral nerves characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that can lead to temporary paralysis
Neuritis
Inflammation of a nerve accompanied by pain and sometimes loss of function
Sciatica
Inflammation of the sciatic nerve that results in pain, burning, and tingling along the course of the affected nerve through thigh, leg, and sometimes into foot.
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Characterized by severe, lightening like pain due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve
Cerebral Palsy
Condition characterized by poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurologic deficiencies due to damage that affects the cerebrum.
Epilepsy
Chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity.
Seizure
Sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time.
Tonic-clonic seizure
Involves the entire body
Absence seizure
Brief disturbance in brain function in which there is a loss of awareness often described as a starting episode
Causalgia
Persistent, severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve
Hyperesthesia
Condition of abnormal and excessive sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli.
Paresthesia
Refers to a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet but can also occur in other parts of the body.
Peripheral Neuropath y
Disorder of the peripheral nerves that carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord
Restless leg syndrome
Neurological disorder characterized by uncomfortable feelings in the legs, producing a strong urge to move them
Magnetic resonance imagine (MRI) & Computed tomography (CT)
Important neuroimaging tools because they facilitate the examination of the soft tissue structures of the brain and spinal cord
Functional MRI
Detects changes in blood flow in the brain when the patient is asked to perform a specific task
Carotid Ultrasonography
Ultrasound study of the carotid
Echoencephalography
Use of ultrasound imaging to create a detailed visual image of the brain for diagnostic purposes
electroencephalography
Process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp
Myelography
Radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture
Electromyography
Utilizes electrodes taped to the skin to measure the transfer of electrical signals in peripheral nerves to the muscles.
Lumbar puncture
The process of obtaining a sample of cerebrospinal fluid by inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region to withdraw fluid.
Delirium
Definition: an acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking, memory, agitation, and hallucinations
Usually treatable by physical conditions
Brain tumor
Definition: an abnormal growth in the skull
This can cause tissue damage in both malignant and benign tumors
Intracranial pressure
Prefix: intra - within
Root: crani - cranium
Suffix: al - pertaining to
Definition: the amount of pressure inside the skull
Injury, tumors, etc can elevate intracranial pressure and potentially restrict blood flow, depriving the brain of oxygen
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Definition: aka a stroke, damage to the brain that happens when the blood vessel is blocked or has ruptured
Facial droop - one sided movement
Arm drift - weakness on one side
Speech abnormality
Time to call 911
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Definition: aka a stroke, damage to the brain that happens when the blood vessel is blocked or has ruptured
Facial droop - one sided movement
Arm drift - weakness on one side
Speech abnormality
Time to call 911
Ischemic stroke
Definition: occurs when flow of blood to brain is blocked by narrowing or blocking of the carotid artery
Most common stroke for older people
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Definition: temporary interruption of blood supply, a “mini stroke”
Symptoms: blurred vision, dizziness, numbness, loss of balance
Aphasia
‘
Prefix: a - without
Suffix: phasia - speech
Definition: lose of the ability to speak, write, and/or comprehend written or spoken word
Often associated with brain damage from a stroke
Hemorrhagic stroke
Definition: aka a bleed, when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or when an aneurysm in the brain ruptures
Less common but fatal
Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
CF: ateri/o - artery
Root: ven - vein
Suffix: pertaining
Definition: abnormal connection between the arteries and veins in the brain, usually congenital, and can rupture suddenly at any age
One cause of hemorrhagic stroke
Insomnia
Prefix: in - without
Root: somn - sleep
Suffix: ia - pertaining to
Definition: prolonged or abnormal inability to sleep
Usually the symptom of another problem like depression, pain, or excessive caffeine
Narcolepsy
CF: narc/o - stupor
Suffix: lepsy - seizure
Definition: sleep disorder consisting of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day
Sleep deprivation
Definition: a sufficient lack of restorative sleep over a cumulative period, which causes physical of psychiatric symptoms and affects routine performance or tasks
Somnambulism
Root: somn - sleep
Root: ambul- to walk
Suffix: ism - condition of
Definition: sleepwalking, walking or performing some other activity without awakening
Myelitis
Root: myel - spinal cord and bone marrow
Suffix: itis - inflammation
Definition: inflammation of the spinal cord or bone marrow
Myelosis
Root: myel - spinal cord and bone marrow
Suffix: osis - abnormal condition
Definition: a tumor of the spinal cord OR abnormal proliferation of the bone marrow tissues
Poliomyelitis
CF: poli/o - gray matter
Root: myel - spinal cord and bone marrow
Suffix: itis - inflammation
Definition: highly contagious viral infection of the brain stem and spinal cord that sometimes leads to paralysis
No know cure, preventable with vaccination
Radiculitis
Root: radicul- root or nerve root
Suffix: itis - inflammation
Definition: aka pinched nerve, inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve that causes pain and numbness radiating down the affected limb
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Definition: progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath
Scars the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves and disrupts the transmission of the nerve impulse
Flares and remissions
Bell’s palsy
Definition: temporary paralysis of the 7th cranial nerve that causes paralysis of the face, only on the affected side, plus inability to close the eye, pain, tearing, drooling, hypersensitivity to sound in affected ear, and impairment of the taste
Cervical radiculopathy
CF: Radicul/o - nerve root
Suffix: pathy -disease
Definition: nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region
Lumbar radiculopathy
Definition: nerve pain in the lower back caused by muscle spasm or nerve root irritation from the compression of the vertebral disk such as a herniated disk
Meninges
the system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord (singular, meninx). The meninges consist of three layers of connective tissue. These are the dura mater, the arachnoid membrane, and the pia matter.
Dura Mater
the thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges. Dura mean hard, and mater means mother.
Arachnoid Membrane
resembles a spider web, is the second layer of the meninges and is located between the dura mater and the pia mater. Arachnoid means having to do with spiders.
Pia Mater
the third layer of the meninges, is located nearest to the brain and spinal cord. It consists of delicate connective tissue that contains a rich supply of blood vessel. Pia means tender of delicate and mater means mother.
Cerebrospinal Fluid
also known as spinal fluid, is produced by special capillaries within the four ventricles located in the middle region of the cerebrum. Cerebrospinal Fluid is a clear, colorless, watery fluid that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord. It functions are to cool and cushion these organs and to nourish the brain and spinal cord by transporting nutrients and chemical messengers to these tissues.
Cerebrum
the longest and upper-most portion of the brain. It is responsible for all though, judgment, memory, and emotion, as well as for controlling and integrating motor and sensory functions.
Cerebral
pertaining to the cerebrum
Root: cerebr (brain)
Suffix: -al (pertaining to)
Cerebral Cortex
made up of gray matter, is the outer layer of the cerebrum and is made up of elevated folds and deep fissures
Cerebral Hemispheres
the cerebrum is divided to create two hemispheres that care connected at the lower midpoint by the corpus callosum.
Cerebral Lobes
each hemisphere is subdivided to create pairs of cerebral lobes.
Frontal lobe: controls skilled motor functions, memory, and behavior
Parietal Lobe: receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the tongue, skin, and muscles
Occipital Lobe: controls eyesight
Temporal Lobe: controls the senses of hearing and smell, and the ability to create, store, and access new information
Thalamus
located below the cerebrum, produces sensations by relaying impulses to and from the cerebrum and the sense organs of the body
Hypothalamus
located below the thalamus. The seven major regulatory functions of the hypothalamus control vital bodily functions.
Cerebellum
the second-largest part of the brain. It is located at the back of the head below the posterior portion of the cerebrum
Brainstem
the stalk-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It is made up of three parts: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
Midbrain/Pons
provide conduction pathways to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain. They also control reflexes for movements of the eyes and head in response to visual and auditory stimuli Pons is the Latin word for bridge.
Medulla Oblongata
located at the lowest part of the brain-stem, is connected to the spinal cord. It controls basic survival functions, including the muscles that make possible respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure, as well as reflexes for coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting.
Spinal Cord
a long, fragile, tube-like structure that begins at the end of the brainstem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spinal column. It contains all the nerves the affect the limbs and lower part of the body, and serves as the pathway for impulses traveling to and from the brain. It is surrounded and protected by cerebrospinal fluid and the meninges
