Chapter 8 Flashcards
Aden/o
gland
Adren/o
adrenal glands
Adrenal/o
adrenal glands
Andr/o
male
Cortic/o
cortex
Crin/o
secrete
Dips/o
thirst
Gluc/o
sugar
Glyc/o
sugar
Gonad/o
sex glands
Hormon/o
hormone
Pancreat/o
pancreas
Ster/o
steroid
Thyr/o
thyroid gland
Hormone
chemical used in the endocrine system to carry messages
Gland
a structure on its own or groups of cells within an organ that function to produce hormones
Target Tissue
cells of a tissue that have receptors for a specific hormone
Receptor
shape-specific binding site for a hormone
Pineal Gland
Secretes melatonin
Targets brain and hypothalamus
Helps regulate daily biological rhythms; inhibits GnRH production
Hypothalamus
GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) = anterior pituitary
Stimulates secretion of FSH and LH
CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) = anterior pituitary
Stimulates secretion of ACTH
GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) = anterior pituitary
Stimulates secretion of GH
Anterior Pituitary
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) = thyroid
Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone and growth of the thyroid
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) = adrenal cortex
Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids and growth of the adrenal cortex
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) = 1.Ovaries 2.Testes
1.Stimulates secretion of estrogen 2.Stimulates sperm production
LH (luteinizing hormone) = 1.Ovaries 2.Testes
1.Stimulates ovulation 2.Stimulates secretion of testosterone
GH (growth hormone) = liver, bone, cartilage, muscle, adipose tissue
Stimulates widespread tissue growth
Posterior Pituitary
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) = kidneys
Increases water retention
Oxytocin = 1.Uterus 2.Lactating breasts
1.Stimulates uterine contractions 2.Stimulates release of milk
Parathyroids
PTH (parathyroid hormone) = 1.Osteoclasts 2.Kidneys 3.Small intestine
1.Stimulates bone reabsorption to increase blood calcium levels 2.Stimulates reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys to maintain blood calcium levels 3.Stimulates calcium absorption
Pancreas
Glucagon = Liver
Stimulates glycogen conversion to glucose and then its secretion to raise blood glucose levels
Adrenal Cortex
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) = Kidneys
Promote sodium (Na+) and water reabsorption; promote potassium (k+) excretion; maintain blood volume and pressure
Glucocorticoids (cortisol) = Most tissues
Stimulate the breakdown of protein and fat to make glucose; suppress the immune system; reduce inflammation
Androgens (dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA]) = Most tissues
Precursors to testosterone, responsible for male secondary sex characteristics and for sex drive in both sexes
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine = Most tissues
Raises metabolic rate; increases heart and respiration rates; increases blood glucose levels (complements sympathetic nervous system)
Thyroid Hormone
collective term for both T3 and T4
Pancreatic Islets
1 to 2 million groups of endocrine cells in the pancreas that produce the hormones insulin and glucagon
Mineralocorticoids
hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that promote sodium and water reabsorption and potassium excretion and the kidney to maintain blood volume and pressure
Glucocorticoids
hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that stimulate the breakdown of protein and fat to make glucose, suppress the immune system, and reduce inflammation
Androgens
hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that are responsible for male secondary sex characteristics and for sex drive in both genders
Gonads
the ovaries in women and the testes inmne
Second Messenger
chemical created by the binding of a hormone in a receptor on the cell membrane. the second messenger then carries the info to where it is needed to the cell to initiate the function of the hormone
Autocrine
refers to the secretion of a hormone by the cells of the same tissue that it targets
Paracrine
refers to hormones that work on neighboring cells without having to go through the blood to get to the target tissue
Endocrine
term that refers to hormones that travel through the blood to get to their target tissue
Pheromone
refers to chemicals that cause a response outside the body in another individual
Plasma Proteins
transport protein (made by the liver) that binds to a hormone in the blood to extend its half-life
Up-Regulation
an increase in the number of receptors for a given hormone, causing the cell to become more sensitive to the hormone
Down-Reglation
a decrease in the number of receptors for a given hormone, causing the cell to become less sensitive to the hormone
Half-life
the length of time it takes for one-half of a substance to be eliminated from the cardiovascular system
