Chapter 6 Flashcards
Cephal/o
head
Cerebell/o
cerebellum
Cerebr/o
cerebrum
Dur/o
tough
Encephal/o
brain
Gangli/o
ganglion
Gli/o
glue
Medull/o
medulla
Mening/o
meninges
Myel/o
spinal cord
Neur/o
nerve
Poli/o
gray matter
Afferent
in the direction toward the brain or spinal cord in the nervous system
Efferent
in the direction away from the brain or spinal cord in the nervous system
Somatomotor
type of nerve message used to stimulate skeletal muscles to move the body
Autonomic
type of nerve message that goes to glands, the cardiac muscle of the heart, or the smooth muscle of hollow organs and blood vessels
Parasympathetic
division of the autonomic nervous system that sends electrical messages to carry out functions for vegetative activities such as digestion, defecation, and urination
Sympathetic
division of the autonomic nervous system that sends electrical messages to prepare the body for physical activity often referred as fight or flight
Neuroglia
cells that aid neurons in their function
Dendrite
portion of a neuron that receives information
Axon
portion of a neuron that carries electrical impulses along its length from the cell body to the synaptic knobs at the end of the neuron
Synapse
junction formed by the neuron’s synaptic knob with another cell - gland cell, muscle cell, or dendrite of another neuron
Myelin
a lipid-rich intermittent covering over the axons of some neurons. gaps in the myelin sheath are called nodes of ranvier
White Matter
concentration of myelinated axons in the brain and spinal cord
Gray Matter
concentration of dendrites, cell bodies, and unmyelinated axons in the brain and spinal cord
Fascicle
bundle of axons
Nerve Fiber
a single neuron
Endoneurium
connective tissue surrounding the axon of a singe neuron
Perineurium
connective tissue surrounding a fascicle
Epineurium
connective tissue surrounding a bundle of fascicles
Resting Membrane Potential
a difference in charge across the cell membrane of a neuron created by the presence if many large negative ions inside in the cell and many positive sodium ions outside the cell
Depolarized
to change the charge across the cell membrane of a neuron by the flow of Na+ into the cell
Repolarize
to change the charge across the cell membrane of a neuron by the opening of K+ channels to allow the flow of K+
Local Potential
the flow of electricity begun by stimulating the dendrite of a neuron
Decremental
decrease with distance
Action Potential
the flow of electricity along an axon of a neuron in one direction - from the trigger zone to the synaptic knob
Reflex
an involuntary, predictable, motor response to a stimulus without conscious thought
Aphasia
any language deficit resulting from damage to either Wernicke’s or Broca’s area
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
a condition that happens when part of the brain dies due to a lack of blood supply, also called a stroke
Rabies Virus
a virus transmitted by infected animals to humans, causes acute encephalitis
Alzheimer’s Disease
a progressive, irreversible disease of the brain that is characterized by dementia
Cerebral Palsy
a group of symptoms that occur following injury to the brain prenatally, perinatally, or postnatally
Concussion
injury of the brain resulting from impact
Depression
a mental disorder caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters that affects a person’s mood by altering the way he or she feels, thinks, eats, and works
Encephalitis
swelling of the brain that is usually caused by a bacterial of viral infection
Epilepsy
a condition that is characterized by recurring seizures
Gliomas
tumor cells formed by neuroglia
Huntington’s Disease
a genetic disease that destroys brain cells responsible for movement and coordination
Hydrocephalus
a condition resulting from excess cerebrospinal fluid buildup in the brain
Meningitis
inflammation of the membranes surrounding he brain and spinal cord
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
a disease characterized by demyelination of the axon
Paralysis
a loss of muscle function due to an interruption in the pathway between the brain and muscles
Parkinson’s Disease
a degenerative disorder of the brain characterized by tremors and slow, uncoordinated movements
