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Abnormal Psychology 1 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mood Disorders

A

Group of disorders involving severe and enduring disturbances in
emotionality ranging from elation to severe depression

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2
Q

Unipolar Mood Disorder

A

mood remains at one pole of depression–mania continuum

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3
Q

Bipolar Mood Disorder

A

mood travels between depression–elation poles

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4
Q

Mixed Features

A

Mix of Symptoms

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5
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A
  • Mood disorder involving one (single episode) or more (separated
    by at least two months without depression , recurrent) major depressive episodes
    -Cognitive Symptoms; feelings of worthlessness and indecisiveness
    -Disturbed physical functions;altered sleeping patterns, significant changes in appetite and weight, or a very notable loss of energy
    -Recurrent
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6
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

A

Mood disorder involving persistently depressed
mood, with low self-esteem, withdraw, pessimism, or despair; present for at least two
years, with no absence of symptoms for more than two months

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7
Q

Double Depression

A

Severe mood disorder typified by major depressive episodes
superimposed over a background of dysthymic disorder

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8
Q

8 Specifiers to Describe Depressive Disorders

A
  1. With psychotic features (mood-congruent or mood-incongruent),
  2. With anxious distress (mild to severe),
  3. With mixed features,
    4.With melancholic features,
  4. With atypical features,
  5. With catatonic features,
    7, With peripartum onset,
  6. With season pattern
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9
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

A

Mood disorder involving cycling of episodes corresponding to the seasons of the year, typically with depression occurring during the
winter

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10
Q

Psychotic Features Specifiers

A

Hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not there),
delusions (strongly held but inaccurate beliefs)

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11
Q

Peripartum

A

Peri, meaning surrounding, period of time just before and after giving birth

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12
Q

Baby Blues

A

Minor reaction in adjustment to childbirth, last only a few days, mothers may be tearful and have mood swings but this disappears quickly

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13
Q

Onset and Duration of Depressive Disorders

A

-Mean age of onset is 25 years
Average age may be decreasing; seeing rise in adolescence, especially girls
-Average duration of the first episode is two to nine months if left untreated
-Persistent depressive disorder may last 20–30 years (PDD)

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14
Q

Integrated Grief

A

Grief that evolves from acute grief into a condition in which the individual accepts the finality of a death and adjusts to the loss

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15
Q

PMDD

A

Disorder of mood whose symptoms include physical symptoms, severe mood swings, and anxiety that cause incapacitation during most menstrual cycles, starting in the final week before the onset of menses, improving within a few days after the onset of menses, and becoming absent in the week post-menses

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16
Q

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

A

Condition in which a child has chronic negative
moods such as anger and irritability without any accompanying mania

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17
Q

Bipolar II Disorder

A

Alteration of major depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes (not full manic episodes)

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18
Q

Bipolar I Disorder

A

Alternation of major depressive episodes with full manic episodes - can be diagnosed based on manic episodes only

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19
Q

Cyclothymic Disorder

A

Chronic (at least two years) mood disorder characterized by alternating mood elevations and depression levels that are not as severe as manic or major
depressive episodes

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20
Q

Mania

A

extreme pleasure in every activity
-Hyperactivity, rapid speech
-Flight of ideas
-Person may require hospitalization

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21
Q

Hypomanic Episode

A

not as severe as a manic episode
-No marked impairment in social or occupational functioning
-“Hypo”: below; thus below level of a manic episode

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22
Q

Bipolar Specifiers

A
  • Mixed features
  • Rapid-cycling
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23
Q

Rapid Cycling/Rapid Mood Switching

A

Experiencing 4 or more manic and depressive episodes within a year - harder to treat and more likely to choose suicide

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24
Q

Ultra Rapid Cycle

A

Cycle length that only last for days to weeks

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25
Q

Ultra-Ultra Rapid Cycle

A

Cycle lengths of less than 24 hours

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26
Q

Onset and Duration

A

Average age of onset:
-Bipolar I disorder: 15–18 years
-Bipolar II disorder: 19–22 years (10%–25% progress to full Bipolar I)
-Suicide can be a consequence (6-7%)
-60% of cyclothymic patients women
-Sufferers are thought to be high-strung, explosive, moody, or hyperactive

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27
Q

Gender Differences in Mood Disorders

A

-Child and adolescent is more boys (but women are increasing)
-In adulthood it is more women then men
-older adults it is equal

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28
Q

Mood Disorders in Children and Adolescents

A

-Mood disorders in children similar to mood disorders in adults
-Manifestation is age-specific: facial expression in younger children
-Limited activities in older children increases risk
-Decline in annual prevalence rates

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29
Q

Mood Disorders in Older Adults

A

-Major depressive episodes seen in
18%–20% nursing home residents
-Depression in older adults strongly associated with race and ethnicity
-Depression can contribute to physical disease in seniors
-Affects men and women in equal numbers

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30
Q

Mood Disorders in the Creative

A

-Creativity associated with manic episodes
-Genetics may play a role too
-Many poets and writers bipolar and suicidal

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31
Q

Anhedonia

A

Marked general loss of interest and the ability to experience pleasure from life

32
Q

Flight of Ideas

A

Speech very rapid and may become incoherent, because the individual is attempting to express so many exciting ideas at once

33
Q

Full Remission

A

Patient recovers fully for at least two months between episodes

34
Q

Partial Remission

A

Only partially recover retaining some symptoms

35
Q

Biological Causes of Mood Disorders

A

-Familial and Genetic Influences
-Joint Heritability of Anxiety and Depression
-Neurotransmitter Systems
-The endocrine System
-Neurohormones
-Sleep and circadian rythms
-Brain Structure and Function

36
Q

Familial and Genetic Influences
and Mood Disorders

A

Two to three times in relatives of probands

37
Q

Joint Heritability of Anxiety and Depression and causes of mood disorders

A

Close relationship among depression, anxiety, and panic
Genes also implicated

38
Q

Neurotransmitter Systems and Mood Disorders

A

-Low levels of serotonin (hence mood swings)
-Serotonin regulates emotions
-Chronic stress also reduces dopamine levels
-Possibly produces depressive-like behaviour

39
Q

The Endocrine System and Mood Disorders

A

-Diseases leading to excessive secretion of cortisol lead to depression
-Neurotransmitter activity in hypothalamus regulates HPA axis
-People’s diet might have a role in depression

40
Q

Neurohormones

A

-Hormones that affect the brain and are increasingly the focus of study in psychopathology
- affect the central nervous system

41
Q

Sleep and Circadian Rhythms and Mood Disorders

A

-REM starts sooner after falling asleep in depressed people
-Depressed experience more intense REM activity
-Slow wave (deep) sleep occurs later
-Disturbed sleep

42
Q

Brain Structure and Mood Disorders

A

Depressed individuals show:
-Greater right-sided anterior activation of brain
-Less left-sided activation

43
Q

HPA Axis

A

Begins in hypothalamus, runs through the pituitary gland, which coordinated the
endocrine system

44
Q

Psychological Causes of Mood Disorders

A

-Stressful Life events
-Learned helplessness
-Negative cognitive styles
-Cognitive triad
-Cognitive Vulnerability for Depression: An Integration

45
Q

Stressful Life Events and Mood Disorders

A

-In 20%–50% of cases, depression is caused by severe events
-Interpretation of stressful events
-Jobs, single parenting, financial stresses
-Gene–environment correlation model
-Vulnerability
-COVID-19 pandemic

46
Q

Learned Helplessness and Mood Disorders

A

-People become depressed when they feel they have no control over life’s stresses
-Learned helplessness theory of depression
-Depressive attributional style is:
Internal, stable, global
-Sense of hopelessness experienced; pessimistic lifestyle

47
Q

Depressive Attributional Style: Internal

A

Internal; in that the individual attributes negative events to
personal failings

48
Q

Depressive Attributional Style: Stable

A

in that even after a particular negative event passes, the
attribution that ‘ additional bad things will always be my fault’ remains

49
Q

Depressive Attributional Style: Global

A

in that the attributions extend across a wide variety of issues

50
Q

Negative Cognitive Styles and Mood Disorders

A

-depression arises from interpreting everyday events negatively
-Cognitive errors: arbitrary inference and overgeneralization

51
Q

Cognitive Triad

A

depression may result from a tendency to think negatively about three areas; 1. The self,
2, the immediate world,
3. And the future

52
Q

Cognitive Vulnerability for Depression: An Integration and Mood Disorders

A

Depression always associated with
-Pessimistic explanatory style and negative cognitions

Cognitive vulnerabilities predispose some people to view events in a very negative way
-Puts them at risk for depression

53
Q

Social and Cultural Causes of Mood Disorders

A

-Marital Relations
-Mood Disorders in Women
-Social Support

54
Q

Marital Relations and Mood Disorders

A

-Marital dissatisfaction: disruptions lead to depression
-High conflict, low support
-Deterioration in marital relationships
-Bipolar individuals less likely to marry, more likely to divorce (if they marry)

55
Q

Mood Disorders in Women

A

-70% of people with major depressive and persistent depressive disorders are women
-Perceptions of uncontrollability
-Other factors:
-Societal roles assigned to women, rumination, poverty, single mothers, abuse histories

56
Q

Social Support and Mood Disorders

A

-Rate of depression 80% higher for those who live alone
-Lack of social support predicts onset of symptoms of depression
-Social support enables speedy recovery from depressive episodes and postpartum depression

57
Q

Medications For Depression

A

-SSRI
-SNRI
-Tricyclics
-MAOI

58
Q

Problems with Tricyclics

A

overdose

59
Q

Monoamine Oxidase Side Effects (MOA)

A

Consuming food/beverage containing tyramine
such as cheese, red wine, or beer can lead to severe hypertensive episode and occasionally death.

60
Q

Bipolar Medications (Mood Stabilizers)

A

-Lithium
-Valproic Acid (Valproate)

61
Q

Lithium

A

Lithium carbonate: a common salt
-Effective in preventing and treating manic episodes for 50% of patients
-Mood-stabilizing drug

62
Q

Valproic acid (valproate)

A

-Anticonvulsants
-Become more widely used than Lithium
-Less effective on suicide than lithium

63
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A

biological treatment for severe, chronic depression involving the application of electrical impulses through the brain to produce seizures. The reasons for its effectiveness are unknown

64
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulations (TMS)

A

-Method for altering electrical activity in the brain by setting up a strong magnetic field, works by placing magnetic coil over the individuals head to generate precisely localized electromagnetic pulse
- more lowkey than ECT

65
Q

Psychosocial Treatments for Mood Disorders

A

-Cognitive Therapy
- Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)

66
Q

Cognitive Therapy

A

-Correcting cognitive errors in deep-seated negative thinking
-Realistic thinking encouraged by monitoring and logging thought processes
-Other activities to decrease depression are encouraged

67
Q

Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)

A

Therapy that focuses on resolving problems in existing relationships and learning to form important new interpersonal relationships

68
Q

3 Stages of IPT

A
  1. Negotiation stage, 2. Impasse stage, 3. Resolution stage
69
Q

Combined Treatments

A

-Combined treatment generally just as effective as separate drug or psychosocial therapies in treatment of depression
-In severe depression, combination of drug and psychosocial treatments effective
-Depends on the individual being treated

70
Q

Maintenance Treatment

A

Combination of continued psychosocial treatment or medication designed to prevent relapse following therapy

71
Q

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

A

teaches depressed patients to disengage from negative thinking (Therapy Prevents Depressive Relapse)

72
Q

Psychosocial Treatments for Bipolar Disorder

A

-Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)
-Family-focused treatment combined with medication
-CBT is effective for bipolar patients with rapid cycling

73
Q

Suicide Attempts

A

Efforts to kill oneself

74
Q

Suicidal Ideation

A

Serious thoughts about committing suicide

75
Q

Psychological Autopsy

A

Post-modern psychological profile of a suicide victim constructed from
interviews with people who know the person before death

76
Q

Treatment for Suicide

A

Assess for possible suicide ideation
-Suicide prevention and crisis centres
-Cognitive-behavioural interventions
-Coping-based interventions
-Stress reduction techniques

Abnormal Psychology 1 (10 decks)

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