Chapter 2

Question 1

One-dimensional Model

Answer 1

• attributes causes of behaviour to a single cause
• linear approach
• very few cases ie) alzheimers , huntingtons

Question 2

Multidimensional Model

Answer 2

-attributes causes of behaviour to several causes
-mental health is multidimensional
-multiple interacting causual factors
(biological, psychological, emotional,developmental, and interpersonal)
-A.K.A. integrative model
-etiology is not just about starting point but also about what continues it

Question 3

Heritability

Answer 3

how big of a role nature vs. nurture plays

Question 3

Polygenic

Answer 3

behaviours influenced by many genes

Question 4

Diathesis-stress Model

Answer 4

Hypothesis that both inherited tendency (a vulnerability) and specific conditions are required to produce a disorder.

Question 5

Diathesis

Answer 5

inherited tendency that makes a person susceptible to developing a disorder

Question 6

Epigenetics

Answer 6

• Study of factors other than inherited DNA sequence, such as new learning or stress, that alter the phenotype expression of genes
• environment contributes to genes turning ‘on’ or ‘off’

Question 7

Gene-environment correlation model / reciprocal gene-environment model

Answer 7

Hypothesis that people with a genetic predisposition for a disorder may also have a genetic tendency to create environmental risk factors that promote the disorder

Question 8

Phenotype

Answer 8

persona outward appearance

Question 9

Neurotransmitter

Answer 9

chemical messenger of neurons

Question 10

Endocrine System

Answer 10

produces hormones and work in conjunction with ANS (ie cortisol)

Question 11

Noepinephrine

Answer 11

Neurotransmitter that is active in the central and peripheral nervous system controlling heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, among other functions. Because of its role in the body’s alarm reaction, it may also contribute in general and indirectly to panic attacks and other disorders

Question 12

Serotonin

Answer 12

Neurotransmitter involved in processing info and coordination of movement as well
as inhibition and restraint; it also assists in the regulation of eating, sexual and aggressive behaviors, all of which may be involved in different psychological disorders.
Its interaction with dopamine is implicated in schizophrenia.
Low serotonin associated with; less inhibition, instability, impulsivity, overreaction, aggression, suicide, overeating, and hypersexual activity

Question 13

Gamma Aminobutryic Acid (GABA)

Answer 13

Neurotransmitter that reduces activity across the synapse and thus inhibits a range of behaviors and emotions, especially generalized anxiety

Question 14

Glutamate

Answer 14

Amino acid neurotransmitter that excites many different neurons, leading to action

Question 15

Dopamine

Answer 15

Is implicated in schizophrenia and addiction (Maybe depression and ADHD)

Question 16

Hormone

Answer 16

Chemical messenger produced by endocrine glands

Question 17

Emotions and Behaviour

Answer 17

• basic patterns of emotional behaviour (freeze, escape, approach, attack) differ in fundamental ways
• emotional behaviour is a means of communication

Question 18

Cognitive Aspects of Emotion

Answer 18

appraisals, attributions, and other ways of processing the world around you are fundamental to emotional experience

Question 19

Physiology of Emotion

Answer 19

• emotion is a brain function involving (generally) the more primitive brain areas
• direct connection between these areas and the eyes may allow emotional processing to bypass the influence of higher cognitive processes

Question 20

Emotion

Answer 20

-Pattern of action elicited by an external even and a feeling state, accompanied by a characteristic physiological response
-Compromises three related components; behavior, physiology, cognition

Question 21

Cognitive Behavioural Theory

Answer 21

Group of treatment procedures aimed at identifying and modifying faulty thought processes , attitudes and attribution, and problem solving behaviors; often used synonymously with cognitive therapy

Question 22

Implicit Cognition

Answer 22

Cognitive processes of the unconscious that are difficult to measure because people cannot verbalize them, as they are not aware of them

Question 23

Cognitive Science

Answer 23

Field of study that examines how humans and other animals acquire,
process, store, and retrieve information

Question 24

Learned Helplesness

Answer 24

Condition in which a person begins to believe that he or she has no
control over his or her life

Question 25

Modeling

Answer 25

Learning through observation and imitation of the behavior of other individuals and the consequences of that behavior; aka observational learning

Question 26

Prepared Learning

Answer 26

Certain associations can be learned more readily that others because this ability has been adaptive for evolution

Question 27

Equifinality

Answer 27

• developmental psychopathology principle that a behavior or disorder may have several different causes
  -Different paths can result from the interaction of psychological and biological factors during various stages of development.
  -need to understand that different paths can lead to the same psychological outcome

Question 28

Lifespan Development

Answer 28

Experiences at different periods of development influence vulnerability to
-Stress
-Other psychological problems

Question 29

Describe the role culture, gender, and social relationships play in the development of psychopathology

Answer 29

Gender
-Cultural differences in gender roles, gender differences in rates of disorders, gender differences in coping strategies
-Social effects on health and -behaviour
-Age
-Number and frequency of social relationships
-Urban vs. rural areas
-Social stigma