Chapter 2 Flashcards
One-dimensional Model
- attributes causes of behaviour to a single cause
- linear approach
- very few cases ie) alzheimers , huntingtons
Multidimensional Model
-attributes causes of behaviour to several causes
-mental health is multidimensional
-multiple interacting causual factors
(biological, psychological, emotional,developmental, and interpersonal)
-A.K.A. integrative model
-etiology is not just about starting point but also about what continues it
Heritability
how big of a role nature vs. nurture plays
Polygenic
behaviours influenced by many genes
Diathesis-stress Model
Hypothesis that both inherited tendency (a vulnerability) and specific conditions are required to produce a disorder.
Diathesis
inherited tendency that makes a person susceptible to developing a disorder
Epigenetics
- Study of factors other than inherited DNA sequence, such as new learning or stress, that alter the phenotype expression of genes
- environment contributes to genes turning ‘on’ or ‘off’
Gene-environment correlation model / reciprocal gene-environment model
Hypothesis that people with a genetic predisposition for a disorder may also have a genetic tendency to create environmental risk factors that promote the disorder
Phenotype
persona outward appearance
Neurotransmitter
chemical messenger of neurons
Endocrine System
produces hormones and work in conjunction with ANS (ie cortisol)
Noepinephrine
Neurotransmitter that is active in the central and peripheral nervous system controlling heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, among other functions. Because of its role in the body’s alarm reaction, it may also contribute in general and indirectly to panic attacks and other disorders
Serotonin
Neurotransmitter involved in processing info and coordination of movement as well
as inhibition and restraint; it also assists in the regulation of eating, sexual and aggressive behaviors, all of which may be involved in different psychological disorders.
Its interaction with dopamine is implicated in schizophrenia.
Low serotonin associated with; less inhibition, instability, impulsivity, overreaction, aggression, suicide, overeating, and hypersexual activity
Gamma Aminobutryic Acid (GABA)
Neurotransmitter that reduces activity across the synapse and thus inhibits a range of behaviors and emotions, especially generalized anxiety
Glutamate
Amino acid neurotransmitter that excites many different neurons, leading to action
Dopamine
Is implicated in schizophrenia and addiction (Maybe depression and ADHD)
Hormone
Chemical messenger produced by endocrine glands
Emotions and Behaviour
- basic patterns of emotional behaviour (freeze, escape, approach, attack) differ in fundamental ways
- emotional behaviour is a means of communication
Cognitive Aspects of Emotion
appraisals, attributions, and other ways of processing the world around you are fundamental to emotional experience
Physiology of Emotion
- emotion is a brain function involving (generally) the more primitive brain areas
- direct connection between these areas and the eyes may allow emotional processing to bypass the influence of higher cognitive processes
Emotion
-Pattern of action elicited by an external even and a feeling state, accompanied by a characteristic physiological response
-Compromises three related components; behavior, physiology, cognition
Cognitive Behavioural Theory
Group of treatment procedures aimed at identifying and modifying faulty thought processes , attitudes and attribution, and problem solving behaviors; often used synonymously with cognitive therapy
Implicit Cognition
Cognitive processes of the unconscious that are difficult to measure because people cannot verbalize them, as they are not aware of them
Cognitive Science
Field of study that examines how humans and other animals acquire,
process, store, and retrieve information
Learned Helplesness
Condition in which a person begins to believe that he or she has no
control over his or her life
Modeling
Learning through observation and imitation of the behavior of other individuals and the consequences of that behavior; aka observational learning
Prepared Learning
Certain associations can be learned more readily that others because this ability has been adaptive for evolution
Equifinality
- developmental psychopathology principle that a behavior or disorder may have several different causes
-Different paths can result from the interaction of psychological and biological factors during various stages of development.
-need to understand that different paths can lead to the same psychological outcome
Lifespan Development
Experiences at different periods of development influence vulnerability to
-Stress
-Other psychological problems
Describe the role culture, gender, and social relationships play in the development of psychopathology
Gender
-Cultural differences in gender roles, gender differences in rates of disorders, gender differences in coping strategies
-Social effects on health and -behaviour
-Age
-Number and frequency of social relationships
-Urban vs. rural areas
-Social stigma
