Chapter 3 Flashcards
Clinical Assessment
Systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in a person presenting with a possible psychological disorder
Diagnoses
-process of determining whether the particular problem afflicting the individual meets the criteria for a psychological disorder
(as set forth in the DSM5-tr)
Prognosis
-The likely future course of a disorder under certain conditions
-comes after assessment and/or diagnosis
Reliability
Degree to which a measurement is consistent (over time or among different raters)
Test-retest Reliability
Taking the test multiple times and getting similar results
Validity
The degree to which a technique measures what it is designed to measure
Standardization
Application of certain standards to ensure consistency
3 Concepts to determine the value of an assessment
reliability, validity, and standardization
Mental Status Exam
- Relatively coarse preliminary test of a client’s judgment, orientation to
time and place, and emotional and mental state; typically conducted during and initial interview - systematic observation of behaviour
-Clinicians get enough information to determine presence of a psychological disorder
-5 categories
How many times must one orient themself during sensorium portion of mental status exam
3
5 Categories of Mental Status Exam
- Appearance and behaviour
- Thought process (rate of speech, continuity of speech, content of speech)
- Mood and affect
- Intellectual Functioning (type of vocab and use of abstractions and metaphors)
- Sensorium ( awareness of surroundings in terms of person, time, and place)
Clinical Interview
Gathers info on current and past behavior, attitudes, and emotions, as well as a history of the individuals life in general ans of the presenting problem
Types of Clinical Interviews
structured, unstructured, semi-structured
Physical Examination
Often recommended to lead to proper diagnosis and proper treatment
Behavioural Assessment
Measuring, observing and systematically evaluating (rather than inferring) the client’s thoughts, feelings and behavior in the actual problem situation context
ABC’S of observation
Antecedent (what happened before), behavior, consequence (what happened right after)
Informal Observation
- subject to observers interpretation
(subject to whatever clients want to discuss)
Formal Observation
-Identify behaviours that are observable and measurable
-Design treatment based on these patterns
Self Monitoring
Action by which clients observe and record their own behaviors as either an assessment of a problem and its change or treatment procedures that makes them more aware of their response. Aka self observation
Reactivity
observational data subject to distortion upon being observed (when people are watched they change their behaviour)
Psycochological Testing
Determine cognitive, emotional, or behavioural responses
Responses might be associated with a specific disorder
Projective Test
Psychoanalytically based measures that present ambiguous stimuli to clients in the assumption that their responses will reveal their unconscious conflicts, such tests are inferential and lack high reliability and validity(interpretation)
- ie) Rorschach inkblot test, Thematic apperception test TAT
Personality Inventory
Self-report questionnaire that assess personal traits ny asking
respondents to identify descriptions that apply to them(empirical evidence)
-ie) MMPI, PCL-R
PCL-R
psychopathy checklist
MMPI
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Intelligence Test
determine cognition
ie) WAIS, IQ,WISC-5
WAIS
Wechsler adult intelligence scale: measures verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, processing speed, and working memory
Neurobiological Procedures
determines brain damage or dysfunction to patient’s condition
Neuroimaging
pictures of the brain
Categories of neuroimaging
- brain structure images; CAT scan, MRI
-brain function images; PET scan, SPECT, fMRI
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT/CT scan)
identifying and locating abnormalities in
structure or shape of the brain
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Alteration is measured along with the time it takes protons to relax, where there are lesions or damage the signal is lighter or darker
Positron emission tomography (PET)
injected with imaging tracer selected to target specific
function of the body
Functional Mri (FMRI)
Short time and takes pictures of the brain at work
Psychophysiological Assessment
Methods of assessing brain structure and function, specifically nervous system activity
E.g., electroencephalogram (EEG)
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Measure electrical activity patterns in the brain taken through
electrodes placed on the scalp
Classification
Effort to construct groups or categories and to assign objects or people to these categories on the basis of their shared attributes or relations
E.g., DSM-5-TR, ICD-11
ICD-11
the International Classification of Diseases
ICD-11 is put on by WHO
World Health Organization
Taxonomy
System of naming and classification in science
Nosology
Classification and naming system for medical and psychological phenomena
Nomenclature
In a naming system for nosology the actual labels or names that are applied. In psychopathology these include, for example, mood disorders and eating disorders
Classical categorical approach
you have it or you don’t
Dimensional approach
more of a continuum (ie; autism / schitzophrenia)
Prototypical approach
you have it if you meet proper criteria
Labelling
categorizing people as individuals with psychological disorders as their totality
Stigma
negative connotation attached to individuals with impaired cognitive abilities or behavioural functioning
