Chapter 1

Question 1

What is a psychological disorder?

Answer 1

• Psychological dysfunction
• Personal distress or impairment
• Atypical or not culturally expected

Question 2

What is the DSM-5-TR

Answer 2

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (text revision)

Question 3

Difference between disease and disorder

Answer 3

• disease: neurological/biological
  -disorder: psychological

Question 4

Define Psychopathology

Answer 4

the scientific study of psychological disorders

Question 5

Who practices psychopathology

Answer 5

-psychiatrists
-psychiatric social workers
-psychiatric nurses
-marriage/family/sex therapists
-mental health counselors
-clinical psychologists (have phd)

Question 6

Psychological Dysfunction

Answer 6

a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioural functioning

Question 7

Scientist-practitioners

Answer 7

Mental health professionals who are expected to apply scientific methods to their work (evidence based practice/practice based evidence)
1. they must be current in the latest research on diagnosis and treatment
2. they must evaluate their own methods for effectiveness
3. they may generate their own research to discover new knowledge of disorders and their treatment

Question 8

3 focuses of studying psychological disorders

Answer 8

1. clinical description
2. causation (etiology)
3. treatment and outcome

Question 9

Clinical Description

Answer 9

• detail of the combination of behaviour, thoughts, and feelings of an individual that make up a particular disorder
• presenting problems that bring a person to clinic and determines clinical description
• anticipated course of disorder
• what is presenting problem, onset, course, etiology, incidence, prevalence

Question 10

Prevalence

Answer 10

number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time (compare with incidence)

Question 11

Incidence

Answer 11

number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific time period (compare with prevalence)

Question 12

Lifetime prevalence

Answer 12

number of people in the population who have ever had the disorder

Question 13

Course

Answer 13

Pattern of development and change of a disorder over time

Question 14

Chronic Course

Answer 14

long time/lifetime

Question 15

Episodic Course

Answer 15

recover in a few months but may have recurrence of disorder later

Question 16

Time Limited Course

Answer 16

Disorder will improve without treatment in relatively short period with little to no risk of recurrence

Question 17

Acute Onset

Answer 17

begin suddenly

Question 18

Insidious Onset

Answer 18

develop gradually over an extended time

Question 19

Presenting Problem

Answer 19

original complaint reported by the client to the therapist (the actual treated problem may sometimes be a modification derived from the presenting problem)

Question 20

prognosis

Answer 20

predicted future development of a disorder overtime

Question 21

Etiology

Answer 21

Cause or source of a disorder (biopsychosocial dimensions)

Question 22

Treatment and outcomes

Answer 22

the effects of a drug could give hints about disorder

Question 23

Important Triad

Answer 23

1. description
2. cause
3. treatment

Question 24

The Supernatural Tradition

Answer 24

• 14th/15th century
• Deviant behaviour; the battle between good and evil / demons and witches (treatable by exorcism, venomous snakes ect)
  -Stress and melancholy; insanity is a natural phenomenon caused by mental or emotional stress (treatable by rest, sleep, bath, ointments, potions)
• Moon and the stars; psychological functioning affected by movements of moon and stars (lunatic)

Question 25

Biological Tradition

Answer 25

• Hippocrates and Galen; humoral theory; abnormalities come from blood (heart), black bile (spleen), yellow bile (liver), phlegm (brain)
  -Syphilis related to general paresis (waxed, Waned, John P Grey)
  -Treatments; surgeries, medications, lobotamy (technically treatments/meds work but sometimes change the person)
  -Emil Kraepelin one of the founders of modern psychology

Question 26

Psychological Tradition

Answer 26

• Moral Therapy; Philippe Pinel, encouraged humane, socially facilitative atmosphere
• asylum reform and decline of moral therapy (due to too many people wanting in the nice asylums)
  -Dorothea Dix; started mental hygiene movement
  -Sigmund Freud; unconscious, sex and death. intrapsychic conflicts, defense mechanisms
  -Anna Freud; ego psychology, defense mechanisms
  -Carl Jung & Alfred Alder; self-actualization
  -Erik Erikson; development across lifespan
  -Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, Fritz Perls; humanistic theory
  -Ivan Pavlov, John B Watson; classical conditioning
  -Edward Thorndike, B.F. Skinner; operant conditioning

Question 27

Humanisitc Theory

Answer 27

• therapist conveys empathy and unconditional positive regard
• people are basically good
  -hierarchy of needs
• humans strive twoards self actualization

Question 28

Scientific Method

Answer 28

-biological, psychological, experimental
-cognitive science, neuroscience. behavioural and molecular genetics

Question 29

Operant Conditioning

Answer 29

most voluntary behaviour is controlled by the consequences that follow behaviour

Question 30

Classical Conditioning

Answer 30

• conditioning involves correlation between neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimuli
• conditioning was extended to the aquisition of fear