Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is a psychological disorder?
- Psychological dysfunction
- Personal distress or impairment
- Atypical or not culturally expected
What is the DSM-5-TR
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (text revision)
Difference between disease and disorder
- disease: neurological/biological
-disorder: psychological
Define Psychopathology
the scientific study of psychological disorders
Who practices psychopathology
-psychiatrists
-psychiatric social workers
-psychiatric nurses
-marriage/family/sex therapists
-mental health counselors
-clinical psychologists (have phd)
Psychological Dysfunction
a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioural functioning
Scientist-practitioners
Mental health professionals who are expected to apply scientific methods to their work (evidence based practice/practice based evidence)
1. they must be current in the latest research on diagnosis and treatment
2. they must evaluate their own methods for effectiveness
3. they may generate their own research to discover new knowledge of disorders and their treatment
3 focuses of studying psychological disorders
- clinical description
- causation (etiology)
- treatment and outcome
Clinical Description
- detail of the combination of behaviour, thoughts, and feelings of an individual that make up a particular disorder
- presenting problems that bring a person to clinic and determines clinical description
- anticipated course of disorder
- what is presenting problem, onset, course, etiology, incidence, prevalence
Prevalence
number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time (compare with incidence)
Incidence
number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific time period (compare with prevalence)
Lifetime prevalence
number of people in the population who have ever had the disorder
Course
Pattern of development and change of a disorder over time
Chronic Course
long time/lifetime
Episodic Course
recover in a few months but may have recurrence of disorder later
Time Limited Course
Disorder will improve without treatment in relatively short period with little to no risk of recurrence
Acute Onset
begin suddenly
Insidious Onset
develop gradually over an extended time
Presenting Problem
original complaint reported by the client to the therapist (the actual treated problem may sometimes be a modification derived from the presenting problem)
prognosis
predicted future development of a disorder overtime
Etiology
Cause or source of a disorder (biopsychosocial dimensions)
Treatment and outcomes
the effects of a drug could give hints about disorder
Important Triad
- description
- cause
- treatment
The Supernatural Tradition
- 14th/15th century
- Deviant behaviour; the battle between good and evil / demons and witches (treatable by exorcism, venomous snakes ect)
-Stress and melancholy; insanity is a natural phenomenon caused by mental or emotional stress (treatable by rest, sleep, bath, ointments, potions) - Moon and the stars; psychological functioning affected by movements of moon and stars (lunatic)
Biological Tradition
- Hippocrates and Galen; humoral theory; abnormalities come from blood (heart), black bile (spleen), yellow bile (liver), phlegm (brain)
-Syphilis related to general paresis (waxed, Waned, John P Grey)
-Treatments; surgeries, medications, lobotamy (technically treatments/meds work but sometimes change the person)
-Emil Kraepelin one of the founders of modern psychology
Psychological Tradition
- Moral Therapy; Philippe Pinel, encouraged humane, socially facilitative atmosphere
- asylum reform and decline of moral therapy (due to too many people wanting in the nice asylums)
-Dorothea Dix; started mental hygiene movement
-Sigmund Freud; unconscious, sex and death. intrapsychic conflicts, defense mechanisms
-Anna Freud; ego psychology, defense mechanisms
-Carl Jung & Alfred Alder; self-actualization
-Erik Erikson; development across lifespan
-Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, Fritz Perls; humanistic theory
-Ivan Pavlov, John B Watson; classical conditioning
-Edward Thorndike, B.F. Skinner; operant conditioning
Humanisitc Theory
- therapist conveys empathy and unconditional positive regard
- people are basically good
-hierarchy of needs - humans strive twoards self actualization
Scientific Method
-biological, psychological, experimental
-cognitive science, neuroscience. behavioural and molecular genetics
Operant Conditioning
most voluntary behaviour is controlled by the consequences that follow behaviour
Classical Conditioning
- conditioning involves correlation between neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimuli
- conditioning was extended to the aquisition of fear
