Chapter 8 Flashcards
What are characteristics of a Biological system for language
- Specific for species
- Universal
- No instruction required
- Universal patterns of acquisition
- Requires environmental input
What is a Grapheme
A letter or a combination of letters that represent a phoneme
(basic unit of written language)
What are features of a grapheme
a) Each phoneme (sound) in lnaguage must be represented in the writing system
b) not necessairlity a 1:1 correspndance between phonemes and graphemes
c) Limited # of graphemes
Aspects of English speech and spelling
Some sounds can be speeled with more than one letter
A single letter can represent more than one sound
A combination of letters can represent a single sound
Some letters have no sound
What are the 2 types of word recognition
Top-down processing
Bottom-up processing
How does the top down model of word recognition function?
- A reader can understand sentence despite not knowing the words
- A reader can pick up on the meaning of the sentence through the sentence’s grammar to determine unidentified words
- Reading for the meaning is the primary objective rather than the mastery of letters and sounds and their relationship in building words
What does top-down reading emphasize?
- It doesn’t include decoding written language to spoken language exactly
- does not involve processing each letter and word
- Its about putting meaning to the print, not receiving a meaning from the print
What is the process of Bottom up reading?
The entire word is accessed first and then the meaning behind it is processed
What is the interactive reading model
It’s an interactive model that combines both bottom up and top own reading processes
What does the interactive reading model suggest?
That the reader constructs meaning by the selective use of
- graphemic
- phonemic
- morphemic
- syntax
- semantics
What is the visual word recognition
Its how we process a printed word with the following stages taking place
- Perception of visual feature of word (processing shape of letters and spatial arrangement)
- Feature encoding (letter recognition)
- Accessing mental lexicon
- Semantic processing
- Phonological processing
What is the outcome of the word recognition experiment
Displays word superiority effect
what is the Dual Route model
A theory that people interpret langiage in a lexical way and a non-lexical way
Lexical way
Printed word —> lexicon
Non-lexical way
Printed word —> GPC—> lexicon
What can serve as evidence for the dual-route model
- Surface Dyslexia
- Phonological Dyslexia
- Deep Dyslexia
- Faster to name real words than non-words
- Faster to name high-frequency words than low-frequency words
- Faster to name regular words than low frequency irregular words
What are problems with the Dual-Route model
Non-words with regular neighbours (taze) are read more quickly than non-words with irregular neighbours
How people read non-words is influenced by how they read regular words
Taking non-semantic dyslexia into account
Considering people with phonological dyslexia
How do the way people read words influence the way they read non-words
altered due to pronunciation by analogy
bead —> yead
head—> yead
What is non-semantic dyslexia
The ability to read words aloud but not know their meaning
What is phonological dyslexia
can read non-words better if they are pronounced like real words
- Reads real words more poorly if they are low imagery, low frequency or have affixes attached
What is the connectionist model of word-reading
1)No lexicon, no bank where words and their meaning and sounds are stored
2) No seperate routes for different types of words: all words read via same system
How are sounds of words remembered with a lexicon
With patterns of activation across semantic units
How are meanings of words remembered with a lexicon
Patterns of activation across semantic units
How does print form become remembered with a lexicon
Patterns of activation across feature units
What are the 2 kinds of eye movements during reading
- Saccades
- Fixations
What is the purpose of eye fixation times
- To wrap up info from previous scan
- to focus on important info
- To relate new info to the old info
- To anticipate what might come next
- To make sense of word meaning
- To derive overall gist of text
What is the average saccade length
8.5 characters, ranging from 1-18
What does fixation eye movement occur longer for
It occurs longer for
- longer words
- unfamiliar words
- final words in sentences
- contant word
- difficult text
What is involved in a writing process
- Task environment
- Long term memory
- Working memory
What are the 3 phases to writing
- Planning
- Generation and Translation process
- Reviewing
How is the task evrionemnt involved in the writing process
Its the area where writing the assignment occurs
How is the long term memory involved in the writing process
It has knowledge about the topic
It has knowledge of the readers response
What is the span of perception for fixation writing
Right (10-15 letters)
Left (4-5 letters)
What is surface dyslexia
the ability to read non-words and regularly spelled words
BUT trouble with irregular words
(This is because they entirely rely on GPC to find word meaning and the direct route is impaired)
