Chapter 8

Question 1

What are characteristics of a Biological system for language

Answer 1

• Specific for species
• Universal
• No instruction required
• Universal patterns of acquisition
• Requires environmental input

Question 2

What is a Grapheme

Answer 2

A letter or a combination of letters that represent a phoneme

(basic unit of written language)

Question 3

What are features of a grapheme

Answer 3

a) Each phoneme (sound) in lnaguage must be represented in the writing system

b) not necessairlity a 1:1 correspndance between phonemes and graphemes

c) Limited # of graphemes

Question 4

Aspects of English speech and spelling

Answer 4

Some sounds can be speeled with more than one letter

A single letter can represent more than one sound

A combination of letters can represent a single sound

Some letters have no sound

Question 5

What are the 2 types of word recognition

Answer 5

Top-down processing
Bottom-up processing

Question 6

How does the top down model of word recognition function?

Answer 6

1. A reader can understand sentence despite not knowing the words
2. A reader can pick up on the meaning of the sentence through the sentence’s grammar to determine unidentified words
3. Reading for the meaning is the primary objective rather than the mastery of letters and sounds and their relationship in building words

Question 7

What does top-down reading emphasize?

Answer 7

• It doesn’t include decoding written language to spoken language exactly
• does not involve processing each letter and word
• Its about putting meaning to the print, not receiving a meaning from the print

Question 8

What is the process of Bottom up reading?

Answer 8

The entire word is accessed first and then the meaning behind it is processed

Question 9

What is the interactive reading model

Answer 9

It’s an interactive model that combines both bottom up and top own reading processes

Question 10

What does the interactive reading model suggest?

Answer 10

That the reader constructs meaning by the selective use of
- graphemic
- phonemic
- morphemic
- syntax
- semantics

Question 11

What is the visual word recognition

Answer 11

Its how we process a printed word with the following stages taking place

• Perception of visual feature of word (processing shape of letters and spatial arrangement)
• Feature encoding (letter recognition)
• Accessing mental lexicon
• Semantic processing
• Phonological processing

Question 12

What is the outcome of the word recognition experiment

Answer 12

Displays word superiority effect

Question 13

what is the Dual Route model

Answer 13

A theory that people interpret langiage in a lexical way and a non-lexical way

Lexical way
Printed word —> lexicon

Non-lexical way
Printed word —> GPC—> lexicon

Question 14

What can serve as evidence for the dual-route model

Answer 14

• Surface Dyslexia
• Phonological Dyslexia
• Deep Dyslexia
• Faster to name real words than non-words
• Faster to name high-frequency words than low-frequency words
• Faster to name regular words than low frequency irregular words

Question 15

What are problems with the Dual-Route model

Answer 15

Non-words with regular neighbours (taze) are read more quickly than non-words with irregular neighbours

How people read non-words is influenced by how they read regular words

Taking non-semantic dyslexia into account

Considering people with phonological dyslexia

Question 16

How do the way people read words influence the way they read non-words

Answer 16

altered due to pronunciation by analogy
bead —> yead
head—> yead

Question 17

What is non-semantic dyslexia

Answer 17

The ability to read words aloud but not know their meaning

Question 18

What is phonological dyslexia

Answer 18

can read non-words better if they are pronounced like real words

• Reads real words more poorly if they are low imagery, low frequency or have affixes attached

Question 19

What is the connectionist model of word-reading

Answer 19

1)No lexicon, no bank where words and their meaning and sounds are stored

2) No seperate routes for different types of words: all words read via same system

Question 20

How are sounds of words remembered with a lexicon

Answer 20

With patterns of activation across semantic units

Question 21

How are meanings of words remembered with a lexicon

Answer 21

Patterns of activation across semantic units

Question 22

How does print form become remembered with a lexicon

Answer 22

Patterns of activation across feature units

Question 23

What are the 2 kinds of eye movements during reading

Answer 23

• Saccades
• Fixations

Question 24

What is the purpose of eye fixation times

Answer 24

• To wrap up info from previous scan
• to focus on important info
• To relate new info to the old info
• To anticipate what might come next
• To make sense of word meaning
• To derive overall gist of text

Question 25

What is the average saccade length

Answer 25

8.5 characters, ranging from 1-18

Question 26

What does fixation eye movement occur longer for

Answer 26

It occurs longer for
- longer words
- unfamiliar words
- final words in sentences
- contant word
- difficult text

Question 27

What is involved in a writing process

Answer 27

• Task environment
• Long term memory
• Working memory

Question 28

What are the 3 phases to writing

Answer 28

1. Planning
2. Generation and Translation process
3. Reviewing

Question 29

How is the task evrionemnt involved in the writing process

Answer 29

Its the area where writing the assignment occurs

Question 30

How is the long term memory involved in the writing process

Answer 30

It has knowledge about the topic
It has knowledge of the readers response

Question 31

What is the span of perception for fixation writing

Answer 31

Right (10-15 letters)
Left (4-5 letters)

Question 32

What is surface dyslexia

Answer 32

the ability to read non-words and regularly spelled words
BUT trouble with irregular words

(This is because they entirely rely on GPC to find word meaning and the direct route is impaired)