Chapter 3 Flashcards
What are the different ways of looking at the meaning of words
- Connotation and Denotation
- Reference
- Semantic features
- Category Membership
What are the different models of semantic organization
- Hierarchical network
- Spreading Activation
- Feature Comparison
- Connectionist
What are denotative meanings
- Primary OBJECTIVE definitions of a word
Ex: Word baby —> means literal infant
What are connotative meanings
- secondary SUBJECTIVE meanings of a word
Ex: Word baby —> means ur gf
What are Semantic features
- Characteristic features
- Defining features
What are the different catergory levels
- Superordinate Categories
- Basic Level Categories
- Subordinate Categories
What is Intension
When the referent has two different words to describe itself
When the sense of the word is based on our initial understanding of the world
What is Extension
The referent
The thing being referred to
What are the different types of Semantic Organization
- Hierarchical Network Model
- Spreading Activation Model
- Feature Comparison Model
- Connectionist Model
What are nodes
Links to semantic features
What are semantic features
smaller units of meaning
how does a hierarchical network functions
Nodes are arranged in a hierarchy
- Superordinate concepts are at the top
- Basic levels in the middle
- Subordinate things at the bottom
What effects take place in a Hierarchal network function
- distance effect
- category size effect
- cognitive economy
What is distance size effect
the physical distance between the network’s concepts that influences the info retrieval time
What is category size effect
How many features are under a Network’s category that influences info retrieval time
What is cognitive economy
How the brain minimizes the redundancy and conserving cognitive resources when organizing semantic info in hierarchical networks
Problems with the Hierarchal network
- strength of association –> tree and flower (unrelated but associated)
- Typicality –> Birds have liver and wings (but u remember wings first)
- Category size effect –> how the size of the category influences memory retrieval
how does a spreading activation model work
Each concept is a node
(features and concepts are nodes, all is nodes)
No hierarchy
What does spreading activation refer to
How when thinking of one thing, your mind instantaneously relates it to other topics
Problems with spreading activation model
- Strength of association
- category size effects
- typicality effects
- priming effects
What is the priming effect
similair to typicality, even though subjects aren’t even typical to one another,
Previous experience/constant exposure makes you associate the two concepts together (unique to you)
How does a feature comparison model work
No hierarchy
each concept has 2 levels of features
- works like a venn diagram
- a concept can share a node and its shown visibly
What are problems with the feature comparison model
- strength of association
- Typicality effect
How does a connectionist model functions
No nodes for a reference
- Input units (combo of letters or sounds)
- Output units (semantic features)
Works in a pattern activation way
(like every word has a code of letters or sounds that when put together makes something)
What are different affects that can occur under network models
- distance size effect
- typicality effects
- category size effect
- priming effect
- reverse category size effect
