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LINGUISTICS > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Biological Basis of Language

A
  • Is species specific
  • Is universal in humans
  • Need not be taught - cannot be suppressed
  • Developmental milestones are universal
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2
Q

What are 2 major components of the human brain involved in language processing

A

The cortex
The subcortical areas

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3
Q

What is the Temporal lobe resopnsible for

A

For understanding and perceiving spoken language

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4
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for

A

For understanding and perceiving written language

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5
Q

What are the lobes that make up the cortex

A
  • the frotal lobe
  • the occiptal lobe
  • the temporal lobe
  • the parietal lobe
  • the cerebellum
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6
Q

Where is the frontal lobe on the brain and what does it do

A
  • Rational thinking
  • Majority of all higher thinking
  • Emotional regulation
  • Impulsivity
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7
Q

Where is the parietal lobe on the brain and what does it do

A
  • Interpretation of touch
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8
Q

Where is the cerebellum on the brain and what does it do

A
  • Cognitive ability of balance
  • control of body
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9
Q

What is the RHEM responsible for

A
  • understanding pragmatic and linguistic aspect of language
    (intrpereting emotion of tone of voice)
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10
Q

What is the LHEM responsible for

A

Pretty much where the majority of language is stored

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11
Q

What is the tissue that connects the RHEM and the LHEM

A

the Corpus callusom

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the corpus callosum

A

To allow the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate to each other (laterlization)

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13
Q

What does the contralateral connections indicate

A

That things felt on one side, is actually cognitively interpreted on the opposite side of the brain

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14
Q

What are the components that make up the Subcortical area of the brain

A
  • Limbic system
  • Basal ganglia
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15
Q

What does the limbic system do

A
  • generate instinctual behaviours
  • generate emotions
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16
Q

What does the Basal ganglia do

A
  • motor movements
  • cognitive functions
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17
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for lateralization

A

the hemispheres
the corpus callusom

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18
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for localization

A

the lobes

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19
Q

What is the Stroop effect

A

When a written word is actually a different colour then the colour it symbolizes

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20
Q

what is the difference between male brains and female brains in regards to language

A

A male brain is more lateralized, while a female uses both her hemispheres more.

Men: more communication between both hemispheres
Women: More activity in each hemisphere seperately

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21
Q

What is the lateralization of language functioning in right handers

A
  • 96% LHEM language
  • 4% RHEM language
  • 0% Bilateral
22
Q

What is the lateralization of langauge in left handers

A
  • 70% LHEM language
  • 15% RHEM language
  • 15% bilateral
23
Q

How is the WADA test performed

A
  • 1 Hemisphere is put to sleep while other hemisphere is wake
  • Patient is supposed to wiggle fingers and count while this occurs
24
Q

What were the split brain studies

A

what it was: Corpus callusom was severed
Showed images on opposite sides
Patient was told to focus on the central point between them

Results: visual info goes to LHEM
visual info goes to RHEM

25
Q

What is a Hemispherectomy

A

What is was: removal of a hemisphere of the brain

Results:
LHEM gone in adults —> verbal and written output severely affected
LHEM gone in kids —-> Partial recovery of language

26
Q

What were the results of a Hemispheretomy in children

A

Those with LHEM intact had better syntactic form

All of them suffered with phonological and semantic comprehension

27
Q

What is the Dichotic Listening Technique

A

What it was: Present sequence of 3 digits to one ear and 3 different ones in the other

Point: to see the strength of lateralization between the hemispheres and to see which ear you heard words to best from

28
Q

What are the conclusions regarding the functioning of lateralization

A

Right side controls left side of body
Left side controls right side of body

29
Q

Where does Broca’s aphaisa occur

A

in the lesions in the left inferior frontal region

30
Q

What are the symptoms of Broca’s aphaisa

A
  • Anomia: aility to properly name people and subjects
  • Can utter automatic speech
  • Comprehension intact
  • partial paralysis to one side of the body (hemiplegia)
  • not much recovery
31
Q

Where does Wernicke’s Aphasia occur

A

In the lesions of the posterior

32
Q

What are symptoms of Wernicke’s Aphasia

A
  • Fluent speech
  • Much paraphasis
    girl —> curl
    bread—> cake
  • syntactical but empty sentences
  • cannot repeat words or sentences
  • Can’t writing or words
  • Logorrhea
33
Q

What is the bridge between the Wernicke’s area and the Broca’s Area

A

Arcuate fasciculus

34
Q

How was Localization studied and what were the results

A

Was studied using brain mapping

Results: they noticed occurred during some specific parts of the brain
Greek in one area
English in the other
Some areas where both languages were located

35
Q

What are Electrophysiologiucal methods of studing language

A
36
Q

What happens in the WADA test when the RHEM is affected

A

left hand stops moving,

37
Q

What happens in the WADA test when the LHEM is affected

A

Person stops counting, right hand stops moving

38
Q

what are major language area in the left hemisphere

A
  • Broca’s Area
  • Wernicke’s area
  • Angular Gyrus
  • Arcuate fasciciulus
  • Supramarginal gyrus
  • Primary auditory cortex
  • Geschwind’s Territory
39
Q

Where is the location of the Broca’s area

A

Left frontal lobe

40
Q

Where is the location of the Wernicke’s area

A

Left temporal lobe

41
Q

Where is the location of the Angular Gyrus

A

Junction of
- Parietal
- temporal
- occipital lobe

42
Q

Where is the location of the Arcuate fasciculus

A

Connect’s BROCA’S and WERNICKE’S area, through parietal lobe

43
Q

Where is the location of the Supramarginal gyrus

A

Parietal lobe of the left hemisphere

44
Q

Where is the location of the
Primary Auditory cortex

A

Temporal lobe, near Heschl’s gyrus

45
Q

Where is the location of the Geschwind’s territory

A

Left angular gyrus, Supramarginal gyrus, neighbouring regions

46
Q

Broca’s area function

A

Articulation of grammatical language

47
Q

Wernicke’s area function

A

Language comprehension

48
Q

Angular Gyrus function

A
  • reading
  • integration of visual & auditory info
49
Q

Arcuate Fasciculus function

A

facilitates communication between Broca’s + Wernicke’s area

50
Q

Supramarginal Gyrus function

A
  • Ability to process + manipulation speech sounds
  • reading & writing
  • Phonological processes
51
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A
  • Responsible for processing auditory info, including speech sounds

perception of spoken language

LINGUISTICS (8 decks)

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