Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is the Biological Basis of Language
- Is species specific
- Is universal in humans
- Need not be taught - cannot be suppressed
- Developmental milestones are universal
What are 2 major components of the human brain involved in language processing
The cortex
The subcortical areas
What is the Temporal lobe resopnsible for
For understanding and perceiving spoken language
What is the occipital lobe responsible for
For understanding and perceiving written language
What are the lobes that make up the cortex
- the frotal lobe
- the occiptal lobe
- the temporal lobe
- the parietal lobe
- the cerebellum
Where is the frontal lobe on the brain and what does it do
- Rational thinking
- Majority of all higher thinking
- Emotional regulation
- Impulsivity
Where is the parietal lobe on the brain and what does it do
- Interpretation of touch
Where is the cerebellum on the brain and what does it do
- Cognitive ability of balance
- control of body
What is the RHEM responsible for
- understanding pragmatic and linguistic aspect of language
(intrpereting emotion of tone of voice)
What is the LHEM responsible for
Pretty much where the majority of language is stored
What is the tissue that connects the RHEM and the LHEM
the Corpus callusom
What is the purpose of the corpus callosum
To allow the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate to each other (laterlization)
What does the contralateral connections indicate
That things felt on one side, is actually cognitively interpreted on the opposite side of the brain
What are the components that make up the Subcortical area of the brain
- Limbic system
- Basal ganglia
What does the limbic system do
- generate instinctual behaviours
- generate emotions
What does the Basal ganglia do
- motor movements
- cognitive functions
Which part of the brain is responsible for lateralization
the hemispheres
the corpus callusom
Which part of the brain is responsible for localization
the lobes
What is the Stroop effect
When a written word is actually a different colour then the colour it symbolizes
what is the difference between male brains and female brains in regards to language
A male brain is more lateralized, while a female uses both her hemispheres more.
Men: more communication between both hemispheres
Women: More activity in each hemisphere seperately
What is the lateralization of language functioning in right handers
- 96% LHEM language
- 4% RHEM language
- 0% Bilateral
What is the lateralization of langauge in left handers
- 70% LHEM language
- 15% RHEM language
- 15% bilateral
How is the WADA test performed
- 1 Hemisphere is put to sleep while other hemisphere is wake
- Patient is supposed to wiggle fingers and count while this occurs
What were the split brain studies
what it was: Corpus callusom was severed
Showed images on opposite sides
Patient was told to focus on the central point between them
Results: visual info goes to LHEM
visual info goes to RHEM
What is a Hemispherectomy
What is was: removal of a hemisphere of the brain
Results:
LHEM gone in adults —> verbal and written output severely affected
LHEM gone in kids —-> Partial recovery of language
What were the results of a Hemispheretomy in children
Those with LHEM intact had better syntactic form
All of them suffered with phonological and semantic comprehension
What is the Dichotic Listening Technique
What it was: Present sequence of 3 digits to one ear and 3 different ones in the other
Point: to see the strength of lateralization between the hemispheres and to see which ear you heard words to best from
What are the conclusions regarding the functioning of lateralization
Right side controls left side of body
Left side controls right side of body
Where does Broca’s aphaisa occur
in the lesions in the left inferior frontal region
What are the symptoms of Broca’s aphaisa
- Anomia: aility to properly name people and subjects
- Can utter automatic speech
- Comprehension intact
- partial paralysis to one side of the body (hemiplegia)
- not much recovery
Where does Wernicke’s Aphasia occur
In the lesions of the posterior
What are symptoms of Wernicke’s Aphasia
- Fluent speech
- Much paraphasis
girl —> curl
bread—> cake - syntactical but empty sentences
- cannot repeat words or sentences
- Can’t writing or words
- Logorrhea
What is the bridge between the Wernicke’s area and the Broca’s Area
Arcuate fasciculus
How was Localization studied and what were the results
Was studied using brain mapping
Results: they noticed occurred during some specific parts of the brain
Greek in one area
English in the other
Some areas where both languages were located
What are Electrophysiologiucal methods of studing language
What happens in the WADA test when the RHEM is affected
left hand stops moving,
What happens in the WADA test when the LHEM is affected
Person stops counting, right hand stops moving
what are major language area in the left hemisphere
- Broca’s Area
- Wernicke’s area
- Angular Gyrus
- Arcuate fasciciulus
- Supramarginal gyrus
- Primary auditory cortex
- Geschwind’s Territory
Where is the location of the Broca’s area
Left frontal lobe
Where is the location of the Wernicke’s area
Left temporal lobe
Where is the location of the Angular Gyrus
Junction of
- Parietal
- temporal
- occipital lobe
Where is the location of the Arcuate fasciculus
Connect’s BROCA’S and WERNICKE’S area, through parietal lobe
Where is the location of the Supramarginal gyrus
Parietal lobe of the left hemisphere
Where is the location of the
Primary Auditory cortex
Temporal lobe, near Heschl’s gyrus
Where is the location of the Geschwind’s territory
Left angular gyrus, Supramarginal gyrus, neighbouring regions
Broca’s area function
Articulation of grammatical language
Wernicke’s area function
Language comprehension
Angular Gyrus function
- reading
- integration of visual & auditory info
Arcuate Fasciculus function
facilitates communication between Broca’s + Wernicke’s area
Supramarginal Gyrus function
- Ability to process + manipulation speech sounds
- reading & writing
- Phonological processes
Primary Auditory Cortex
- Responsible for processing auditory info, including speech sounds
perception of spoken language
