Chapter 8

Question 1

the route of memory function? (3 way process)

Answer 1

1. encoding
2. storage
3. retrivial

Question 2

name which memory function is being described:

• when the brain recieves information from the environment
  -labels/codes it.
  -organizes it with other similar information.
• connects new concepts to existing concepts

Answer 2

encoding

Question 3

3 types of encoding

Answer 3

• semiantic (words)
  -acoustic (sounds)
  -visual (images)

Question 4

storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and
tastes

Answer 4

sensory memory

Question 5

a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory.
- Lasts about 20 seconds.
- Capacity is usually about 7 items +/-2

Answer 5

short term memory

Question 6

ransfer of short term memory
to long-term memory

Answer 6

Memory consolidation

Question 7

the continuous storage of information

Answer 7

Long term memory

Question 8

memories of facts and events we can consciously
remember and recall/declare

Answer 8

Explicit (declarative) memory

Question 9

knowledge about words, concepts and language

Answer 9

semantic

Question 10

information about events we have personally experienced

Answer 10

episodic

Question 11

memories that are not part of our consciousness.
- Formed through behaviors

Answer 11

implicit memory

Question 12

stores information about how to do things.
- Skills and actions

Answer 12

procedural memory

Question 13

the act of getting information out of memory storage and back into
conscious awareness

Answer 13

Retrieval

Question 14

3 ways to retrieve information?

Answer 14

Recall – being able to access information without cues.
- Used for an essay test.

Recognition – being able to identify information that you have previously learnedafter encountering it again.
- Used for a multiple choice test.

Relearning
– Learning information that you previously learned.
- After learning Spanish in high school, you might forget how to speak it if you donot use it. However, if you try to relearn it, you will learn it quicker than the first
time.

Question 15

if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is
damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function

Answer 15

Equipotentiality hypothesis

Question 16

name the parts of the brain involved with memory?

Answer 16

-prefrontal cortex
-cerebeullum
-hippocampus
-amygdala

Question 17

what is this list describing?
- Epinephrine
- Dopamine
- Serotonin
- Glutamate
- Acetylcholine

Answer 17

neurotransmitters involved in memory?

Question 18

strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and
weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories

Answer 18

arousal theory

Question 19

the loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease,
physical trauma, or psychological trauma

Answer 19

amnesia

Question 20

inability to remember new information after point of trauma.
- Commonly caused by brain trauma

Answer 20

Anterograde amnesia

Question 21

loss of memory (partial or complete) for events that occurred
prior to the trauma.

Answer 21

Retrograde amnesia

Question 22

formulation of new memories

Answer 22

construction

Question 23

process of bringing up old memories

Answer 23

reconstruction

Question 24

the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the
creation of false memories

Answer 24

suggestability

Question 25

after exposure to incorrect information, a person
may misremember the original event

Answer 25

Misinformation effect paradigm

Question 26

recall of false autobiographical memories

Answer 26

false memory syndrome

Question 27

loss of information from long-term memory

Answer 27

forgetting

Question 28

Schacter’s 7 sins of memory
Forgetting type:

Answer 28

1. Transience – Accessibility of memory decreases over time (storage decay).
2. Absentmindedness – Forgetting caused by lapses in attention.
3. Blocking – Accessibility of information is temporarily blocked (aka tip-of-the-
   tongue phenomenon).
   Distortion type:
4. Misattribution – Source of memory is confused.
5. Suggestibility – False memories.
6. Bias – Memories distorted by current belief system.
   Intrusion type:
7. Persistence – Inability to forget undesirable memories.

Question 29

involves racial and gender biases

Answer 29

sterotypical bias

Question 30

involves enhancing our memories of the past.
- People remember events in a way that makes them look better.

Answer 30

egocentric bias

Question 31

the tendency to think an outcome was inevitable after the fact.
- Thinking you knew it all along.

Answer 31

hindsight bias