Chapter 8 Flashcards
the route of memory function? (3 way process)
- encoding
- storage
- retrivial
name which memory function is being described:
- when the brain recieves information from the environment
-labels/codes it.
-organizes it with other similar information. - connects new concepts to existing concepts
encoding
3 types of encoding
- semiantic (words)
-acoustic (sounds)
-visual (images)
storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and
tastes
sensory memory
a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory.
- Lasts about 20 seconds.
- Capacity is usually about 7 items +/-2
short term memory
ransfer of short term memory
to long-term memory
Memory consolidation
the continuous storage of information
Long term memory
memories of facts and events we can consciously
remember and recall/declare
Explicit (declarative) memory
knowledge about words, concepts and language
semantic
information about events we have personally experienced
episodic
memories that are not part of our consciousness.
- Formed through behaviors
implicit memory
stores information about how to do things.
- Skills and actions
procedural memory
the act of getting information out of memory storage and back into
conscious awareness
Retrieval
3 ways to retrieve information?
Recall – being able to access information without cues.
- Used for an essay test.
Recognition – being able to identify information that you have previously learnedafter encountering it again.
- Used for a multiple choice test.
Relearning
– Learning information that you previously learned.
- After learning Spanish in high school, you might forget how to speak it if you donot use it. However, if you try to relearn it, you will learn it quicker than the first
time.
if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is
damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function
Equipotentiality hypothesis
name the parts of the brain involved with memory?
-prefrontal cortex
-cerebeullum
-hippocampus
-amygdala
what is this list describing?
- Epinephrine
- Dopamine
- Serotonin
- Glutamate
- Acetylcholine
neurotransmitters involved in memory?
strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and
weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories
arousal theory
the loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease,
physical trauma, or psychological trauma
amnesia
inability to remember new information after point of trauma.
- Commonly caused by brain trauma
Anterograde amnesia
loss of memory (partial or complete) for events that occurred
prior to the trauma.
Retrograde amnesia
formulation of new memories
construction
process of bringing up old memories
reconstruction
the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the
creation of false memories
suggestability
after exposure to incorrect information, a person
may misremember the original event
Misinformation effect paradigm
recall of false autobiographical memories
false memory syndrome
loss of information from long-term memory
forgetting
Schacter’s 7 sins of memory
Forgetting type:
- Transience – Accessibility of memory decreases over time (storage decay).
- Absentmindedness – Forgetting caused by lapses in attention.
- Blocking – Accessibility of information is temporarily blocked (aka tip-of-the-
tongue phenomenon).
Distortion type: - Misattribution – Source of memory is confused.
- Suggestibility – False memories.
- Bias – Memories distorted by current belief system.
Intrusion type: - Persistence – Inability to forget undesirable memories.
involves racial and gender biases
sterotypical bias
involves enhancing our memories of the past.
- People remember events in a way that makes them look better.
egocentric bias
the tendency to think an outcome was inevitable after the fact.
- Thinking you knew it all along.
hindsight bias
