Chapter 6 Flashcards
motor/neural reactions to a specific stimulu
reflexes
E.g. Human babies are born with a sucking ______
reflex
behaviors triggered by a broader range of events
instincts
e.g., aging, change of seasons are _____
instincts
a relatively permanent change in
behavior or knowledge that results from experience
learning
when an organism makes
connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment
Associative learning
3 approaches to learning
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning
- Observational learning
process by which we
learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to
anticipate events
Classical conditioning
classical conditioning terms:
stimulus that elicits a reflexive response (food)
Unconditioned stimulus
classical conditioning terms:
a natural unlearned reaction to a stimulus (salivation in response to food)
Unconditioned response
classical conditioning terms:
stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response (ringing a bell – does not cause salivation by itself prior to conditioning)
Neutral stimulus
classical conditioning terms:
stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
classical conditoning terms:
the behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus
conditoned response
anestablished conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus (the second-order stimulus), so that eventually the new stimulus also elicits the conditioned response, without the initial conditioned
stimulus being presented
Higher-order conditioning
The initial period of learning when an organism learns to connect a
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Acquisition
decrease in the conditioned response when the UCS is no longer
presented with the CS
Extinction
the return of a previously extinguished conditioned
response following a rest period
Spontaneous recovery
when an organism learns to respond differently to various
stimuli that are similar
Stimulus discrimination
when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
Stimulus generalization
learning not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly
without change
Habituation
proposed by B F skinner, organisms learn to associate a behavior and its
consequences (reinforcement or punishment)
Operant conditioning
positive vs negative reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement – something
is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
Everyday examples:
- High grades
- Paychecks
- Praise
Negative reinforcement – something
is removed to increase the likelihood ofa behavior.
Everyday examples:
- The beeping sound that will only go
away when you put your seatbelt
on.
positive vs negative punishment?
Positive punishment
– something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
- Scolding a student for texting in class.
Negative punishment – something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
- Taking away a favorite toy when a child misbehaves.
name 3 primary reinforcers:
(those that have innate reinforcing qualities)
- food,
- water
- sleep
- sex
name 3 secondary reinforcers:
(those that have no inherent value)
- praise
- money
- tokens
when an organism receives a reinforcer each time
it displays a behavior
Continuous reinforcement
the organism does not get reinforced everytime they
display the desired behavior (they are reinforced intermittently)
Partial reinforcement
fixed vs variable reinforcement schedules:
fixed: the number of responses between reinforcements or the amount of time between reinforcements is set and unchanging.
Variable – the number of responses between reinforcements or the amount of time between reinforcements varies or changes
interval vs ratio reinforcement schedules:
Interval – the schedule is based on the time between reinforcements.
Ratio – the schedule is based on the number of responses between reinforcements
