Chapter 6

Question 1

motor/neural reactions to a specific stimulu

Answer 1

reflexes

Question 2

E.g. Human babies are born with a sucking ______

Answer 2

reflex

Question 3

behaviors triggered by a broader range of events

Answer 3

instincts

Question 4

e.g., aging, change of seasons are _____

Answer 4

instincts

Question 5

a relatively permanent change in
behavior or knowledge that results from experience

Answer 5

learning

Question 6

when an organism makes
connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment

Answer 6

Associative learning

Question 7

3 approaches to learning

Answer 7

• Classical conditioning
• Operant conditioning
• Observational learning

Question 8

process by which we
learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to
anticipate events

Answer 8

Classical conditioning

Question 9

classical conditioning terms:

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response (food)

Answer 9

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 10

classical conditioning terms:

a natural unlearned reaction to a stimulus (salivation in response to food)

Answer 10

Unconditioned response

Question 11

classical conditioning terms:

stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response (ringing a bell – does not cause salivation by itself prior to conditioning)

Answer 11

Neutral stimulus

Question 12

classical conditioning terms:

stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 12

Conditioned stimulus

Question 13

classical conditoning terms:

the behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus

Answer 13

conditoned response

Question 14

anestablished conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus (the second-order stimulus), so that eventually the new stimulus also elicits the conditioned response, without the initial conditioned
stimulus being presented

Answer 14

Higher-order conditioning

Question 15

The initial period of learning when an organism learns to connect a
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 15

Acquisition

Question 16

decrease in the conditioned response when the UCS is no longer
presented with the CS

Answer 16

Extinction

Question 17

the return of a previously extinguished conditioned
response following a rest period

Answer 17

Spontaneous recovery

Question 18

when an organism learns to respond differently to various
stimuli that are similar

Answer 18

Stimulus discrimination

Question 19

when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Answer 19

Stimulus generalization

Question 20

learning not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly
without change

Answer 20

Habituation

Question 21

proposed by B F skinner, organisms learn to associate a behavior and its
consequences (reinforcement or punishment)

Answer 21

Operant conditioning

Question 22

positive vs negative reinforcement?

Answer 22

Positive reinforcement – something
is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
Everyday examples:
- High grades
- Paychecks
- Praise

Negative reinforcement – something
is removed to increase the likelihood ofa behavior.
Everyday examples:
- The beeping sound that will only go
away when you put your seatbelt
on.

Question 23

positive vs negative punishment?

Answer 23

Positive punishment
– something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
- Scolding a student for texting in class.

Negative punishment – something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
- Taking away a favorite toy when a child misbehaves.

Question 24

name 3 primary reinforcers:

Answer 24

(those that have innate reinforcing qualities)

• food,
• water
• sleep
• sex

Question 25

name 3 secondary reinforcers:

Answer 25

(those that have no inherent value)

• praise
• money
• tokens

Question 26

when an organism receives a reinforcer each time
it displays a behavior

Answer 26

Continuous reinforcement

Question 27

the organism does not get reinforced everytime they
display the desired behavior (they are reinforced intermittently)

Answer 27

Partial reinforcement

Question 28

fixed vs variable reinforcement schedules:

Answer 28

fixed: the number of responses between reinforcements or the amount of time between reinforcements is set and unchanging.

Variable – the number of responses between reinforcements or the amount of time between reinforcements varies or changes

Question 29

interval vs ratio reinforcement schedules:

Answer 29

Interval – the schedule is based on the time between reinforcements.

Ratio – the schedule is based on the number of responses between reinforcements