Chapter 8 Flashcards
Nutrition
Using food to maintain health
What is a healthy diet like
Plenty fluids
Nutrients
Well-balanced
Why is diet important for elderly people
Helps prevent pressure sores, keep muscle and skin healthy. Helps wounds heal
Nutrient
Gives energy, health, keeps healthy metabolism
Metabolism
Breaking down nutrients to use
6 essential nutrients
Water
Carbs
Protein
Fats
Minerals
Vitamins
Water
Regenerates cells
Helps keep body temp
Other sources of water
Soup, celery, lettuce, apples
Carbs
Energy, fiber and protein
Help use body fat
Simple and complex
Protein
Part of every cell
Growth and repair tissues
Fats
Store energy
Flavor and help absorb vitamins
Excess fat is stored as fat
4 categories of fats
Saturated
Trans
Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
____and _____ fats increase cholesterol
Saturated and trans
Vitamins
Needed for body function,
Body can’t make them
Fat soluble vitamins
ADEK
Water soluble vitamins
BC
Can’t be stored.
Eliminated in urine and feces
Minerals
Maintain body functions
Build bones, hormones, help blood formation
Important minerals for wound care
Zn, Fe, Ca,Mg
How often should you have red meats
Once a week
Veggies and fruit should make up ____ of a plate
1/2
Dark green vegetables
Help blood clot
Veggies are good sources of vitamins ,&_ as well as____&____
A,E&C
Potassium and fiber
Fruits are important sources of ____, ___ ___ , ____ & _____
Fiber, potassium, folic acid & vitamin c
Folic acid
Helps body make red blood cells
Fiber helps you by
Making you feel full with fewer calories
Vitamin c function
Growth and repair of body tissues
Grains
Rice, oats, cornmeal, barley
How much should be whole grains and how much should be refined grains
At least half should be whole grain
Whole grains have ___& ___ & endosperm.
Refined grains only have ___
Bran and germ
Endosperm
How often should you have seafood?
2 times a week
A person should eat ____-____ protein foods more often
Plant based
Milk provides
Calcium,
Potassium,
Vitamin D,
Protein
Unique diets: therapeutic, modified, special
Might have allergies or need certain things
NaS
No added salt
Low Na
Who is on low sodium diet
High BP,
Heart disease,
Kidney disease
RF
Restrict fluids
Foods that count as fluids
Ice cream, gelatin, pudding
Who is on fluid restricted diet?
Heart disease or kidney disease. Fluids don’t come out and they swell. Their I/O is monitored
Who is on low protein diet
Kidney disease (renal)
Who is on low fat diet
High cholesterol
Improve HDL (good)
Heart attack
Gall bladder disease
Cardiac diet
Low sodium
Fat
Cholesterol
Sugar
Modified calorie
Low cal or high cal
Diabetic diet
Calories and carbs are very important, everything must be eaten
Lacto-vegetarian
NO:
Poultry, meat, fish and eggs
ALLOWED:
Dairy
Vegan
No animal anything
Pescatarian
Fish
Sometimes seafood and eggs
Liquid diet
Short time after test or surgery. Keep intestines free of food
Can be clear or full
Clear liquid diet
Clear juices, broth, gelatin and popsicles
Full liquid diet
Clear + ice cream, cream soups, milk
Soft diet
Soft or chopped foods easier to chew and swallow. Might restrict high fiber, fried or spicy food.
Trouble chewing or swallowing.
Moving from liquid diet back to regular
Mechanical soft diet
Soft foods but in food processor or blender, does not limit spices, fat and fiber. Trouble chewing and swallowing
Pureed diet
Baby food consistency
Thick enough to hold form in mouth. No chewing required
When resident is on restricted fluids the NA should not:
Give extra fluids or an extra water pitcher unless nurse approves it
NPO
Nothing by mouth
Pleasure feed
Has feeding tube but can have things by mouth. Usually family decided resident needs a feeding tube
Dehydration
Not enough fluids in body
Things to report about fluids
- Less than 6, 8 oz glasses daily
- Drinks very little fluids
- Needs help drinking from glass
4.Vomits, has diarrhea or fever - Easily confused or tired
- Dry mouth
- Sunken eyes
- Dark urine
- Less frequent urination
- Weight-loss, fatigue, dizziness pain.
- Thirst
Fluid overload
Body can’t handle all fluids consumed. Kidney disease or heart disease
Signs of fluid overload
- Edema
- Weight gain
- Decreased urine output
- Shortness of breath
- Increased heart rate
- Anxiety
- Tight, smooth or shiny skin
Edema
Swelling caused by excess fluid
Signs that point to unintended weight-loss
Needs help eating or drinking
Eats less than 75% of meals
Resident has mouth pain
Dentures don’t fit
Resident can’t swallow or chew
Resident coughs or chokes
Resident is sad, has crying spells and withdraws
Resident is confused, wanders or paces
How long afterwards do residents have to sit up
30 mins
How often do you reposition wheelchair resident
Every hour
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing
3 thickened consistencies
Nectar
Honey
Pudding
Nectar
Drank from cup. Thick juice
Honey
Consistency of honey, eaten with spoon
Pudding
Semi solid. Spoon will stand straight up in it.
Use spoon
Aspiration
Foreign materials into lungs. Can cause pneumonia
Preventing aspiration
90º angle
Small pieces food
Take your time
Food in unaffected side
Make sure mouth is empty before offering more
Keep upright for at least 30 mins after eating
Parenteral nutrition
Nutrients go directly into bloodstream instead of digestive system.
Treat like IV
Nano gastric tube
Put in nose because can’t swallow. Make sure tape doesn’t come off
PEG tube stands for
Percutaneous endoscopic gastronomy.
What does a PEG tube do?
Surgically created opening into stomach. Can’t swallow, but can digest.
Gastrostomy
Tube that goes inside stomach
A resident with a feeding tube should always have the head of the bed elevated at ___º
30
At what position should a resident on a feeding tube be during feedings?
45º
What is proper sitting position during feedings?
Hips at 90º angle
Flexed knees
Feet and arms are fully supported
Chair under table
Forearms on table
Residents who lean to one side during feedings should
Place their forearms on the table
What should you do if a resident has poor neck control
Use a neck brace
Ask residents who pocket food in their cheeks to
Chew & Swallow, gently tap their cheeks if needed
How do you trigger swallowing
Gently press down on tongue or on the top of their head
If a resident has poor sitting balance, seat him in a _____ with ____ instead of a WHEELCHAIR
REGULAR DINING ROOM CHAIR WITH ARMRESTS
Why did the international dysphagia diet standardization initiative develop a framework to identify food textures and drink thicknesses
Standardized so they can be used internationally in care
___ minutes is too long to leave resident with pneumonia eating by himself
15
Has a positive effect on eating and helps prevent loneliness and boredom
Socializing
Use of eyeglasses, hearing aids and these should be encouraged
Dentures
Devices that can help residents with eating
Assistive
Proper noise level when residents are eating
Low
If resident has loss of ____ ask about it
Appetite
Document meal/snack
Intake
Honor residents food likes and dislikes
True
Give ___ care before and after meals if requested
Oral
What rights do residents have with regard to food choices
-refuse
-choose
-alternatives
- season
-get more
-refuse clothing protector
