Chapter 4: Body Systems and Related Conditions Flashcards
When is homeostasis interrupted?
When illness or injury occur
Integumentary
Skin, nails, hair
Musculoskeletal
Moving
Nervous
Transmits signals between brain and body
Circulatory or cardiovascular
Blood throughout body
Respiratory
Breathing
Urinary
Waste from blood
GI
Nutrients and water from food
Endocrine
Hormones
Reproductive
Procreation
Immune and lymphatic
Fight viruses
Body systems made of
Organs
What are organs
Group of tissues that have one function
What are tissues?
Group of cells that do similar tasks
What things can cells do?
Live, grow and die. Has structure and function. Smallest unit of life
Anterior is AKA ?
Ventral
Means front
Posterior is AKA?
Dorsal
Means back
Superior
Towards head
Inferior
Away from head
Medial
Towards midline
Lateral
To the side. Away from midline
Proximal
Closer to torso
Distal
Away from torso
Intergument
Natural protective covering
How does skin protect you?
Protects internal organs. Protects body against entry of bacteria.
Loss of water
Sweat glands
Cool body when needed
Sebaceous glands
Oil that lubricates skin.
Capillaries
Tiny blood vessels
Skin also has
Hair follicles and tiny nerve endings
What can skin sense?
Heat, cold, pain, touch and pressure
Where is body temperature regulated?
Within skin
What do blood vessels do when outside temperature is too high?
Dilate to cool off
When do blood vessels constrict?
When it is cold. Outside temperature is too cold. Restrict blood reaching skin surface to retain body heat.
Normal signs of skin aging
Spots
Less fatty tissue (feeling cold)
Harder, brittle nails.
Dry, itchy, fragile skin
Frequency that older people need baths
Once or twice a week
Normal or abnormal: white, reddened or purple areas
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal: less elastic skin
Normal
Normal or abnormal: blisters or bruises
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal: dry, flaking skin
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal: swelling skin
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal: changed skin temperature
Abnormal
Human body has how many bones?
206
What does musculoskeletal system do?
Give structure and move
Point where two bones meet
Joint
What connects muscles to bone
Tendons
What do muscles do?
Produce heat and move
Atrophy
Muscle wastes away and becomes weak
Contracture
Muscle or tendon shortens and becomes inflexible. Freezes.
Normal or abnormal: muscles weaken and lose tone?
Normal
Normal or abnormal: body movement slows
Normal
Normal or abnormal: loss of bone density
Normal
Normal or abnormal: joints stiffen and height is lost
Normal
Normal or abnormal: changes in ability to perform routine
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal: changes in ability to perform ROM
Abnormal
Arthritis
Inflammation of joints
Causes of arthritis
Age
Injury
Illness
Autoimmune illness
Body’s immune system attacks normal tissue
Rheumatoid arthritis
Autoimmune
Red, swollen, painful joints.
Movement is eventually restricted
Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis
Fever
Fatigue
Weight loss
Osteoarthritis is AKA
Degenerative joint disease
Osteoarthritis
Caused by injury. Usually weight bearing joints. (Hips knees)
Pain and stiffness increase in cold, damp weather
Treatment for arthritis
Antiflamatory medication
Local application of heat
ROM
Excercise and activity
Weight loss
Normal or abnormal: stomach irritation caused by medication
Abnormal
Osteoporosis
Bones lose density. Break easily.
Lack of calcium
Osteoporosis is most common when?
After menopause
Menopause
Not having period for 12 months
Symptoms of osteoporosis
Low back pain
Stooped posture
Becoming shorter
Fractures
Prevent osteoporosis
Light excercise
How should you move someone with osteoporosis?
Very carefully. Their bones are fragile
Signs and symptoms of fracture
Pain
Swelling
Bruising
Changes in skin color
Limited movement
Speed as which older people heal
Slowly
THR
Total hip replacement
Replace head of long bone of leg (femur) where it joins hip
PWB
Partial weight bearing
Some weight on one or both legs
NWB
Non weight bearing
No weight on any legs
FWB
Both legs can support 100% of the weight on a step
To avoid injuries after thr surgery, residents should never
Cross their legs in bed or chair
Turn toes inward or outward
After hip replacement surgery, the hip cannot be bent or flexed more than ___º
90
Can hips be turned inward or outward after hip replacement surgery?
No
Abduction pillows can be used for __-___ weeks after surgery while patient sleeps
6-12
What do abduction pillows do?
Immobilizes and positions the hips
How should you transfer a resident after hip replacement surgery?
Keep pillow between their thighs so legs are separated.
Stand on strong side.
Strong side leads in pivoting, standing and sitting
How do you transfer a resident that had hip replacement surgery to a chair or toilet?
Straighten operative leg, lead with stronger leg. Then bring affected foot to walking position
Normal or abnormal hip replacement: redness or bleeding in incision area
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal hip replacement : numbness tingling or swelling
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal hip replacement: tenderness and swelling of calves of affected leg
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal hip replacement: shortening or external rotation of affected leg
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal hip replacement: abnormal vital signs, change in Temp
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal hip replacement: resident can’t use equipment properly and safely
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal hip replacement: resident isn’t following orders for activity and excercise
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal hip replacement: problems with appetite
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal hip replacement: improvement
Normal, but should be reported
TKR
Total knee replacement
Putting in prosthetic knee. Relieves pain and motion. Stabilizes knees that buckle
SCD
Sequential compression device.
Squeezes and releases leg to prevent blood clots
Ankle pumps
Simple excercises that promote leg circulation.
Raise toes and feet towards ceiling and then back down
When should pain med be preferably given
Prior to moving and positioning
Parts or nervous system
CNS (central nervous system)
PNS (peripheral nervous system)
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
Nerves that extend through body. Deals with sensations
Normal or abnormal:Sensitivity of nerve endings in skin decreases
Normal
Normal or abnormal: fatigue or pain with movement or excercise
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal: shaking or trembling
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal: inability to move one side of body
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal: difficulty speaking or slurring speech
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal: numbness or tingling
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal: disturbance or changes in loss of vision or hearing
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal: dizziness or loss of balance
Abnormal
CVA stands for
Cerebral vascular accident
What is a CVA
Blood supply to brain is blocked, leaks or ruptures.
Ischemic stroke
Blood supply to part of brain is interrupted (obstruction does not burst)
Hemiplegia
Paralysis on one side
Hemiparesis
Weakness on one side
One-sided neglect
Ignoring weak or paralyzed side
Normal or abnormal: loss of ability to tell where affected body parts are
Abnormal
Expressive aphasia
Trouble communicating thoughts through speech or writing
Receptive aphasia
Difficulty understanding spoken or written words
Emotional lability
Inappropriate emotional responses
Normal or abnormal: loss of sensations
Abnormal
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing
Poor bladder control can be a consequence of
Stroke
Strokes on one side affect
Opposite side
How should you communicate with someone who had a stroke?
Ask yes or no questions
Use signals
Progressive diseases
Get worse with time
Parkinson’s
Muscles become stiff.
Tremors or shaking
Signs of Parkinson’s
Stooped posture
Shuffling gait
“Pill rolling”
Shaking
Slurred speech
Soft monotone voice
Multiple sclerosis
Progressive disease that affects central nervous system.
Messages can’t be sent correctly to and from brain.
Myelin sheath affected
Symptoms of MS
Blurred vision
Fatigue
Tremors
Poor balance
Weakness
Numbness
Tingling
Incontinence
Behavior changes
Loss of function in arms or legs
When is MS usually diagnosed?
Early adulthood
Can MS be cured?
No, but it can be treated
Might be autoimmune
Head injury problems
Intellectual disability
Personality changes
Coma
Memory loss
Loss of consciousness
Paresis
Paralysis
Paresis
Weakness or partial paralysis. Loss of muscle function
Paraplegia
Lower body and legs lose function
Quadriplegia
Lost function in legs,trunk and arms
True or false: paralyzed residents may have decreased sensation and might not feel burns
True
What does lack of activity lead to?
Poor circulation and fatigue
Major sense organs
Eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin
Sense organs are part of ____ system
Nervous
Normal or abnormal: eye pain or ear pain
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal: change in vision or hearing
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal: discharge from eyes or red or yellow eyes
Abnormal
Cataracts
Lens become cloudy
Glaucoma
Pressure increases in eye. Damages retina and optic nerve
Signs of glaucoma
Severe pain, nausea, vomiting
Symptoms of glaucoma
Blurred vision
Tunnel vision
Halos around lights
HTN stands for
Hypertension
Threshold for hypertension
130/80
Major cause of hypertension
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Hardening and narrowing of blood vessels
Signs and symptoms of hypertension
Headaches, blurred vision and dizziness
Diuretics
Reduce fluids. Make you urinate. High BP
CAD stands for
Coronary artery disease
Coronary artery disease
Blood vessels in coronary arteries narrow . Muscles can die
Angina
Heart Muscle not getting enough oxygen causes chest pain or discomfort
Pressure or tightness left side
Symptoms of angina
Pain in left arm or neck
Pain in jaw
Sweat, pale, dizzy
Nitroglycerin
Opens arteries
MI
Blood flow to heart is blocked
Myocardial infarction
Damaged
True or false: residents after an MI can smoke
False
True or false: residents after an MI can be in cold temperatures?
False
Congestive heart failure
One or both sides of heart stop pumping blood properly
When left side of heart is affected, blood flows into
Lungs
When right side of heart is affected blood flows into
Legs, feet or abdomen
Can CHF be treated?
Yes, medications can strengthen heart
True or false CHF residents might have to restrict fluids or sodium
True
True or false: weakened heart makes it harder to do physical activity
True
What helps with breathing
Extra pillows,
Keeping head elevated
True or false: common side effect of CHF medication is dizziness
True
Does dizziness caused by CHF medication have to be reported?
Yes
Many CHF medications deplete
Potassium
PVD stands for
Peripheral vascular disease
Peripheral vascular disease
Legs, feet, arms don’t have enough blood circulation
What causes PVD?
Fatty deposits in blood vessels that harden
Symptoms of pvd
Limbs feel cold
Blue nail beds or feet
Ulcers on legs and feet
Swelling hands and feet
Risk factors for PVD
Smoking, diabetes
High cholesterol, hypertension, inactivity, obesity
Respiration
Taking in O2 and Removing CO2
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing
How are residents with dyspnea more comfortable?
Sitting up rather than lying down
Normal or abnormal: shallow breathing
Abnormal
COPD
Hard time breathing and getting air out of lungs.
Chronic bronchitis
Irritation and inflammation of bronchi
Usually caused by smoking
Emphysema
Chronic lung disease from cigarette smoking
Symptoms of emphysema
Coughing
Restlessness
Fast heartbeat
Pneumonia
Illness caused by viral, bacterial or fungal infections. Acute inflammation in lung tissue
Symptoms of pneumonia
Fever, chills, cough, sputum, chest pains, rapid pulse
COPD symptoms
Coughing, wheezing, trouble breathing, cyanotic skin, confusion, anxiety
Normal or abnormal: temp over 101
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal: changes in breathing patterns
Abnormal
Urinary system parts
2 kidneys
2 ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Meatus
Functions of urinary system
Eliminates waste, maintains fluid balance
Normal or abnormal: bladder doesn’t always empty
Normal
Normal or abnormal: bladder holds less urine
Normal
Urinary incontinence causes
Confined to bed, elderly, paralyzed, circulatory problems
Normal or abnormal: incontinence
Abnormal
___ is very irritating to the skin
Urine
UTI
Infection of urethra, bladder, ureter or kidney
GI tract is made of
GI tract and accessory organs
3 functions of GI system
Digestion, absorbtion and elimination
Digestion
Breaking down food
Absorption
Transfer of nutrients from intestines to cells
Elimination
Getting rid of wastes
In older people digestion is slower t/f?
True
Fecal incontinence
Can’t control bowels
When does constipation happen?
Feces move too slowly
Signs of constipation?
Abnormal swelling,
Gas,
Irritability
No BMs recently
Enema
Amount of water put into colon to eliminate stool
Suppository
Medication given rectally to cause BM
Fecal impaction
Hard stool can’t be expelled
Hemorrhoids
Inflamed veins in rectum
GERD
Acid gets into esophagus. Can cause ulcers. Scars can make it difficult to swallow
Residents with GERD should not lie down until___ hours after eating
2-3
Ostomy
Opening from inside to outside.
Colostomy and ileostomy
Surgical removal of intestines
Stoma
Artificial opening where intestine comes out from.
Poop comes out
Difference between colostomy and ileostomy
Colostomy semi solid stool
Ileostomy. Small intestine..liquid stool
Can NAs give ostomy care?
No, unless specially trained
Glands
Secrete and produce hormones
Hormones
Chemical substances that control bodily functions
Normal or abnormal: insulin production decreases with age
Normal
Diabetes
Pancreas produces no insulin, too little insulin or doesn’t use insulin
Insulin
Moves glucose into cells
Type 1 diabetes
No insulin or too little insulin. Children and young adults
Type 2 diabetes
Most common
Not enough insulin or doesn’t use it properly
Type 2 diabetes develops at a ___ rate
Slow
Prediabetes
Above normal blood sugar but not at diabetic levels
Gestational diabetes
High blood sugar in pregnant women who don’t have diabetes
What do NAs need to know about insulin
When it’s taken and when meals need to be served
Gonads
Sex glands
Normal or abnormal: prostate enlarges
Normal
Vaginitis
Inflammation of vagina
BPH
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Big prostrate squeezes urethra
Older men
Nonspecific immunity
Protects from disease in general
Specific immunity
Protects against particular disease
Lymphatic system
Removes excess fluid and waste. Helps immune system
Parts of lymphatic system
Lymph vessels
Lymph capillaries
Lymph
Lymph
Clear yellowish liquid that has lymphocytes
Normal or abnormal: response to vaccines decreases
Normal
AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Attacks body immune system
Caused by HIV (human Immunodeficiency virus)
AIDS is the ____ stage of HIV infection
Final
When is a person considered to have AIDS
CD4+ lymphocyte count falls below 200
Tumors
Central nervous system infections
Tumor
Abnormally growing cells
A resident who has AIDS presents nausea and vomiting should
Drink liquids
.
Normal or abnormal: erectile dysfunction
Abnormal
As a person ages the body is less able to handle ___
Stress
Normal or abnormal:dulled sense of taste
Normal
Normal or abnormal: decreased saliva
Normal
Normal or abnormal: flatulence
Abnormal
Why is female bladder more prone to infection
Urethra is shorter
Chronic Bronchitis and emphysema are grouped under
COPD
Common fear with COPD
Not being able to breathe
Common side effect of CHF medications is
Dizziness
Extra ___ may help residents who have trouble breathing
Oxygen
CHF can be treated with
Medications
Causes or hypertension
- Hardening and narrowing of blood vessels
- Kidney disease
- Adrenal gland tumors
- Pregnancy
Normal or abnormal:changes in pulse rate
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal: decreased ability to perform ADLs
Abnormal
Normal or abnormal: decreased sense of heat and cold
Normal
Normal or abnormal: slowing of body movement
Normal
Can you apply lotion to areas receiving radiation therapy?
No
Can you use mouthwash on residents who have Cancer?
No, use baking soda and water or prescribed rinse
Type of utensils to use for chemo patients
Plastic
Treatments for cancer include
Surgery,
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Targeted therapy
Immuno therapy
Hormone therapy
Early symptoms of HIV
Withdrawal
Avoidance
Mental slowness
AIDS dementia
Person who has nausea and vomiting should avoid
High fat spicy foods
Involuntary weight loss occurs in almost all people who have
AIDS
For people with HIV medications must be taken at ,______ times
Precise
Is there a vaccine for HIV
No
True or false not everyone with HIV will get aids
True
It can take ____ for HIV to turn into AIDS
Years
HIV symptoms
Flu, fever, muscle aches, cough, fatigue, swollen lymph glands
AIDS symptoms
Painful white spots
Cold sores or fever blisters
Cauliflower warts on skin and mouth
Purple red brown skin lesions
Nsaids
Anti-inflammatory drugs
Nsaids can cause
Belly bleeds
Calcium deposits
Rheumatoid arthritis
True or false: endocrine system controls sugar levels
True
Type 2 diabetes is common in
Obese, family history
Decrease in estrogen may lead to loss of
Calcium
