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Psychology 105 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

define Heuristic

A

a mental shortcut that our brain uses to help by-pass info to help make decisions quicker. require less thinking. - stereotypes - putting people in categories based on snap judgment.

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2
Q

what is a representative heuristic?

A

an idea - things that represent a typical stereotype to confirm a bias
- judging the probability of an event by its surface level similarity to a prototype.

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3
Q

define thinking

A

any mental activity or processing of information.

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4
Q

learning remembering perceiving communicating believing and deciding are all aspects of what psychologists call…

A

cognition

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5
Q

define what it means to have a cognitive economy

A

just like a miser, who saves every penny, our brains try to save as much energy as possible. we use heuristics to minimize our thinking.

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6
Q

what is the availability heuristic?

A

we estimate the likelihood of an occurrence based on how easily it comes to our minds. - things we have recently been exposed to
- we create a whole background based on what we most recently heard.

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7
Q

define hindsight bias

A

looking back on past with your current knowledge and overestimating how well we could have predicted something.
- look back and say i knew it! or i should have known better!
-

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8
Q

what is a concept?

A

our knowledge and ideas about a set of objects, actions, and characteristics that share core properties

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9
Q

Top-down processing VS bottom-up processing

A

top - use background knowledge to interpret what we see. - already start with some knowledge of a stimulus
bottom - the stimulus shapes our perception without using any perceived ideas. - build ideas through the experiance

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10
Q

what is conformation bias?

A
  • the tendency to seek out info that supports our beliefs and goes against anything that goes against our beliefs - easier to look for evidence that supports what we already know
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11
Q

what is a schema?

A
  • a concept that we have stored in our memory about how certain actions, objects, and ideas relate to each other. -we know what to expect in a situation.
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12
Q

explain the difference between linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism

A

relativity - language shapes our thought processes
determinism - no ideas can be generated without linguistic knowledge. all thought is represented verbally - therefore language defines our thinking - we cant experience thought without language

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13
Q

what is decision making?

A

the process of selecting from a set of alternatives

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14
Q

what do heuristics do for decision making?

A

make it way faster

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15
Q

what is framing?

A

the way a question is formulated can influence the decisions people make and how they think about it

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16
Q

what is system 1 thinking?

A
  • rapid
  • automatic
  • below conscious awareness
  • no thought needed
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17
Q

what is system 2 thinking?

A
  • slow
  • deliberate
  • pros vs cons
  • critical
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18
Q

what is the definition of problem solving?

A

generating a cognitive strategy to accomplish a goal

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19
Q

what is an algorithm

A

a step-by-step learned procedure used to solve a problem

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20
Q

what are three obstacles to problem-solving strategies?

A

salience of surface similarities
mental sets
functional fixedness

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21
Q

salience is…

A

how attention grabbing something is

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22
Q

the salience of surface similarities is…

A

an obstacle to problem solving because… we tend to focus on surface level issues of a problem. ignoring this and focusing on the underlying issues is challenging.

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23
Q

mental sets

A

becoming stuck on a specific problem solving strategy
- we struggle to make alternatives or think outside the box

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24
Q

functional fixedness

A

difficulty conceptualizing that an object used for one thing could be used for another.

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25
Q

paralysis by analysis involves what type of thinking?

A

system 1

26
Q

decision management involves what type of thinking?

A

system 2

27
Q

neuroeconomics

A

how the brain functions when making decisions

28
Q

what is paralysis by analysis

A
  • too many options so we freeze
29
Q

what is decision management

A

ppl that are good at making slow and deliberate decisions - CEOs

30
Q

top-down processing is an example of what type of processing?

A

system 1 - fast

31
Q

what is automaticity

A

involuntary or unconscious

32
Q

what is the definition of language?

A

a largely arbitrary system of communication that combines symbols in rule-based ways to create meaning

33
Q

phoneme

A

the sound

34
Q

morphemes

A

the smallest units of meaningful speech

35
Q

syntax

A

grammatical rules that govern how we compose words into meaningful strings - how we format sentences

36
Q

extralinguistic info

A

elements of communication that aren’t part of the content of the language but help us to interpret it.

37
Q

ch/ai/r/s is an example of

A

phonemes

38
Q

chair(s) is an example of

A

morphemes

39
Q

tone, mood, facial expression, gestures are all examples of…

A

extralinguistic info

40
Q

the Hawaiian language has a small number of

A

phonemes

41
Q

semantics

A

meaning derived from words and sentences

42
Q

morphemes convey information about _____

A

semantics

43
Q

dialect

A

language variation used by a group of people who share ethnicity or geographic proximity

44
Q

sign languages are …

A

its own set of language, that works the same as spoken language

45
Q

children are _______ learners, compared to adults

A

better

46
Q

by the __ month of pregnancy unborn infants can make out their mothers voice and begin to develop language

A

5

47
Q

infants have a preference for _________ language

A

their mothers native

48
Q

over the first year of life infants start to babble this means…

A

any intentional vocalization that lack specific meaning

49
Q

children start to produce their first words around age….

A

12 months

50
Q

between 12-18 months children acquire ______ number of words

A

20-100 words

51
Q

by 2 yrs old most children can say about

A

a few hundred words

52
Q

by kindergarten children can say about ______words

A

several thousand

53
Q

what is overextension in language/vocabulary?

A
  • applying words in a broader sense
54
Q

what is the one word stage?

A
  • children use single words to convey and entire thought
55
Q

by 2 yrs old children start to use ______ word phrases

A

2 word

56
Q

metalinguistic

A

awareness of how language is structured and used

57
Q

what does it mean by language is generative?

A
  • language is a system that can be used in infinite ways to create meaning
58
Q

animals communicate most often during _ and_

A

sex and violence

59
Q

animals struggle with ____

A

syntax

60
Q

whole word recognition VS phonetic decomposition

A

wwr - identifying common words based on appearance
pd - sounding out words by drawing correspondences between printed letters

Psychology 105 (8 decks)

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