Chapter 8 Flashcards
define Heuristic
a mental shortcut that our brain uses to help by-pass info to help make decisions quicker. require less thinking. - stereotypes - putting people in categories based on snap judgment.
what is a representative heuristic?
an idea - things that represent a typical stereotype to confirm a bias
- judging the probability of an event by its surface level similarity to a prototype.
define thinking
any mental activity or processing of information.
learning remembering perceiving communicating believing and deciding are all aspects of what psychologists call…
cognition
define what it means to have a cognitive economy
just like a miser, who saves every penny, our brains try to save as much energy as possible. we use heuristics to minimize our thinking.
what is the availability heuristic?
we estimate the likelihood of an occurrence based on how easily it comes to our minds. - things we have recently been exposed to
- we create a whole background based on what we most recently heard.
define hindsight bias
looking back on past with your current knowledge and overestimating how well we could have predicted something.
- look back and say i knew it! or i should have known better!
-
what is a concept?
our knowledge and ideas about a set of objects, actions, and characteristics that share core properties
Top-down processing VS bottom-up processing
top - use background knowledge to interpret what we see. - already start with some knowledge of a stimulus
bottom - the stimulus shapes our perception without using any perceived ideas. - build ideas through the experiance
what is conformation bias?
- the tendency to seek out info that supports our beliefs and goes against anything that goes against our beliefs - easier to look for evidence that supports what we already know
what is a schema?
- a concept that we have stored in our memory about how certain actions, objects, and ideas relate to each other. -we know what to expect in a situation.
explain the difference between linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism
relativity - language shapes our thought processes
determinism - no ideas can be generated without linguistic knowledge. all thought is represented verbally - therefore language defines our thinking - we cant experience thought without language
what is decision making?
the process of selecting from a set of alternatives
what do heuristics do for decision making?
make it way faster
what is framing?
the way a question is formulated can influence the decisions people make and how they think about it
what is system 1 thinking?
- rapid
- automatic
- below conscious awareness
- no thought needed
what is system 2 thinking?
- slow
- deliberate
- pros vs cons
- critical
what is the definition of problem solving?
generating a cognitive strategy to accomplish a goal
what is an algorithm
a step-by-step learned procedure used to solve a problem
what are three obstacles to problem-solving strategies?
salience of surface similarities
mental sets
functional fixedness
salience is…
how attention grabbing something is
the salience of surface similarities is…
an obstacle to problem solving because… we tend to focus on surface level issues of a problem. ignoring this and focusing on the underlying issues is challenging.
mental sets
becoming stuck on a specific problem solving strategy
- we struggle to make alternatives or think outside the box
functional fixedness
difficulty conceptualizing that an object used for one thing could be used for another.
paralysis by analysis involves what type of thinking?
system 1
decision management involves what type of thinking?
system 2
neuroeconomics
how the brain functions when making decisions
what is paralysis by analysis
- too many options so we freeze
what is decision management
ppl that are good at making slow and deliberate decisions - CEOs
top-down processing is an example of what type of processing?
system 1 - fast
what is automaticity
involuntary or unconscious
what is the definition of language?
a largely arbitrary system of communication that combines symbols in rule-based ways to create meaning
phoneme
the sound
morphemes
the smallest units of meaningful speech
syntax
grammatical rules that govern how we compose words into meaningful strings - how we format sentences
extralinguistic info
elements of communication that aren’t part of the content of the language but help us to interpret it.
ch/ai/r/s is an example of
phonemes
chair(s) is an example of
morphemes
tone, mood, facial expression, gestures are all examples of…
extralinguistic info
the Hawaiian language has a small number of
phonemes
semantics
meaning derived from words and sentences
morphemes convey information about _____
semantics
dialect
language variation used by a group of people who share ethnicity or geographic proximity
sign languages are …
its own set of language, that works the same as spoken language
children are _______ learners, compared to adults
better
by the __ month of pregnancy unborn infants can make out their mothers voice and begin to develop language
5
infants have a preference for _________ language
their mothers native
over the first year of life infants start to babble this means…
any intentional vocalization that lack specific meaning
children start to produce their first words around age….
12 months
between 12-18 months children acquire ______ number of words
20-100 words
by 2 yrs old most children can say about
a few hundred words
by kindergarten children can say about ______words
several thousand
what is overextension in language/vocabulary?
- applying words in a broader sense
what is the one word stage?
- children use single words to convey and entire thought
by 2 yrs old children start to use ______ word phrases
2 word
metalinguistic
awareness of how language is structured and used
what does it mean by language is generative?
- language is a system that can be used in infinite ways to create meaning
animals communicate most often during _ and_
sex and violence
animals struggle with ____
syntax
whole word recognition VS phonetic decomposition
wwr - identifying common words based on appearance
pd - sounding out words by drawing correspondences between printed letters
