Chapter 10 Flashcards
What is developmental Psychology?
the study of how behavior and mental processes change over the lifespan
what is the post hoc fallacy?
the assumption that because an event happened before another event it must have caused that event
what are bidirectional influences?
influences go both ways
- experiences shape development but development shapes experiences.
what is cross-sectional design research?
research design where people of different ages at a single point in time are studied
what are cohort effects?
effects observed in a sample of participants that results from indviduals in the sample growing up at the same time
what is longitudinal research design?
research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time - as the ppl age - track them over time
what are two developmental myths?
infant determinism
childhood fragility
what is infant determinism?
the assumption that events that happen early in our lives have more impact than ones later
what is childhood fragility?
children are delicate creatures that are easily damaged
when do the most dramatic changes occur in development?
in prenatal devlopment
what is the germinal stage?
the zygote divides over and over to form a blastocyst
what is the embryonic stage?
mid-second week cells assume different functions
blastocyst becomes embryo
lasts until 8 weeks
what is the fetal stage?
starts at 9th week
major organs develop
heart beats
begins to bulk up until birth
what is the order of prenatal developmental stages?
germinal stage
embryonic stage
fetal stage
when does the brain begin to develop?
about 18 days
what are taratogens?
substances that cause cognital disorders in a developing embryo
- smoking
FAS
alchohol
tabaco
drugs
medications
what is one of the most prevalent taratogens?
cigarette smoking
what are the two reflexes babies are born with?
sucking and rooting
voluntary motor behaviour is learned from __ and _–
trial and error
Kids have larger ___ than the adult body
head
and torso
what stimulates growth in the brain?
pituitary gland
what did piaget believe?
childrens understanding is different than adults.
what is cognitive development?
how we acquire the ability to learn, think, communicate and remember over time
piaget was a ______ theorist
stage - development marked by periods of change
who suggested that children use two processes -assimilation and accommodation? and what are they?
piaget
assimilation - absorbing new experience into current schemas
accommodation - altering a schema to make it more compatible with the new experience.
what are piagets 4 stages?
sensoriomotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational
what is the sensoriomoter stage? what age is it?
birth - 2 yrs
focus on here and now
cannot focus on anything beyond the present
lack object prominence
what stage is birth - 2yrs
sensorimotor
what is object prominence?
the understanding that objects exist when they are out of sight
what stage is ages 2-7
peroperational
what happens in the preoperational stage?
age 2-7
can think into future
use symbols
experience egocentrism
cannot preform mental operations
cannot pass conservation tasks
what is egocentrism
inability to see world from others point of view
what are conservation tasks?
if something will stay the same after a physical transformation
what is the concrete operations stage?
age 7-11
now can do mental operations
now can do conservation tasks
what stage is age 7-11?
concrete operational
what is the formal operational stage?
-adolescence
- sophisticated thinking
Vygotsky
how social and cultural factors influence learning
-scafolding
what was vygotsky’s concept of scaoflding?
parents provide support for children and remove it as children grow older
what is the zone of proximal development?
the phase when children are receptive to learning a new skill but have not yet succeeded
what is secure attachment?
upset by departure
joyful with return
insecure-avoidant attachment
infant doesnt really reaact when come or go
insecure anxious attachment
react to departure with panic
mixed reaction with return
disorganized attachment
inconsistent reactions
what are the 4 parenting styles?
permissive - lenient and little discipline
authoritarian - very strict
authoritative - supportive but clear limits
uninvolved - neglectful and ignoring
Erikson’s 8 stages
infancy
toddlerhood
early childhood
middle childhood
adolescence
young adult
adult
aging
what was eriksons theory
stages arise as individuals grow and face new challenges and turning points
what were Kohlberg’s stages?
preconventional
conventional
postconventional
preconventional stage
punishment and rewards
obey rules
insentives
conventional
laws
small groups
how others see you
acceptance of social rules - doing good and moral
postconventional
everyone as a whole
from a societal perspective
