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Psychology 105 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is developmental Psychology?

A

the study of how behavior and mental processes change over the lifespan

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2
Q

what is the post hoc fallacy?

A

the assumption that because an event happened before another event it must have caused that event

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3
Q

what are bidirectional influences?

A

influences go both ways
- experiences shape development but development shapes experiences.

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4
Q

what is cross-sectional design research?

A

research design where people of different ages at a single point in time are studied

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5
Q

what are cohort effects?

A

effects observed in a sample of participants that results from indviduals in the sample growing up at the same time

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6
Q

what is longitudinal research design?

A

research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time - as the ppl age - track them over time

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7
Q

what are two developmental myths?

A

infant determinism
childhood fragility

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8
Q

what is infant determinism?

A

the assumption that events that happen early in our lives have more impact than ones later

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9
Q

what is childhood fragility?

A

children are delicate creatures that are easily damaged

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10
Q

when do the most dramatic changes occur in development?

A

in prenatal devlopment

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11
Q

what is the germinal stage?

A

the zygote divides over and over to form a blastocyst

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12
Q

what is the embryonic stage?

A

mid-second week cells assume different functions
blastocyst becomes embryo
lasts until 8 weeks

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13
Q

what is the fetal stage?

A

starts at 9th week
major organs develop
heart beats
begins to bulk up until birth

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14
Q

what is the order of prenatal developmental stages?

A

germinal stage
embryonic stage
fetal stage

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15
Q

when does the brain begin to develop?

A

about 18 days

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16
Q

what are taratogens?

A

substances that cause cognital disorders in a developing embryo
- smoking
FAS
alchohol
tabaco
drugs
medications

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17
Q

what is one of the most prevalent taratogens?

A

cigarette smoking

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18
Q

what are the two reflexes babies are born with?

A

sucking and rooting

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19
Q

voluntary motor behaviour is learned from __ and _–

A

trial and error

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20
Q

Kids have larger ___ than the adult body

A

head
and torso

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21
Q

what stimulates growth in the brain?

A

pituitary gland

22
Q

what did piaget believe?

A

childrens understanding is different than adults.

23
Q

what is cognitive development?

A

how we acquire the ability to learn, think, communicate and remember over time

24
Q

piaget was a ______ theorist

A

stage - development marked by periods of change

25
Q

who suggested that children use two processes -assimilation and accommodation? and what are they?

A

piaget
assimilation - absorbing new experience into current schemas
accommodation - altering a schema to make it more compatible with the new experience.

26
Q

what are piagets 4 stages?

A

sensoriomotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational

27
Q

what is the sensoriomoter stage? what age is it?

A

birth - 2 yrs
focus on here and now
cannot focus on anything beyond the present
lack object prominence

28
Q

what stage is birth - 2yrs

A

sensorimotor

29
Q

what is object prominence?

A

the understanding that objects exist when they are out of sight

30
Q

what stage is ages 2-7

A

peroperational

31
Q

what happens in the preoperational stage?

A

age 2-7
can think into future
use symbols
experience egocentrism
cannot preform mental operations
cannot pass conservation tasks

32
Q

what is egocentrism

A

inability to see world from others point of view

33
Q

what are conservation tasks?

A

if something will stay the same after a physical transformation

34
Q

what is the concrete operations stage?

A

age 7-11
now can do mental operations
now can do conservation tasks

35
Q

what stage is age 7-11?

A

concrete operational

36
Q

what is the formal operational stage?

A

-adolescence
- sophisticated thinking

37
Q

Vygotsky

A

how social and cultural factors influence learning
-scafolding

38
Q

what was vygotsky’s concept of scaoflding?

A

parents provide support for children and remove it as children grow older

39
Q

what is the zone of proximal development?

A

the phase when children are receptive to learning a new skill but have not yet succeeded

40
Q

what is secure attachment?

A

upset by departure
joyful with return

41
Q

insecure-avoidant attachment

A

infant doesnt really reaact when come or go

42
Q

insecure anxious attachment

A

react to departure with panic
mixed reaction with return

43
Q

disorganized attachment

A

inconsistent reactions

44
Q

what are the 4 parenting styles?

A

permissive - lenient and little discipline
authoritarian - very strict
authoritative - supportive but clear limits
uninvolved - neglectful and ignoring

45
Q

Erikson’s 8 stages

A

infancy
toddlerhood
early childhood
middle childhood
adolescence
young adult
adult
aging

46
Q

what was eriksons theory

A

stages arise as individuals grow and face new challenges and turning points

47
Q

what were Kohlberg’s stages?

A

preconventional
conventional
postconventional

48
Q

preconventional stage

A

punishment and rewards
obey rules
insentives

49
Q

conventional

A

laws
small groups
how others see you
acceptance of social rules - doing good and moral

50
Q

postconventional

A

everyone as a whole
from a societal perspective

Psychology 105 (8 decks)

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