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MCAT Biology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Defenses that are always active against pathogens but aren’t capable of targeting specific invaders

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2
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Targets a specific pathogen and maintains immunologic memory of infection to mount a faster response during subsequent infections
* Takes loonger to mount a response

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3
Q

B-Cells

A
  • Develops in bone marrow
  • Matures in bone marrow
  • Activated in spleen/lymph nodes
  • Produces antibodies
  • Specific
  • Humoral immunity
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4
Q

T-Cells

A
  • Develops in bone marrow
  • Matures in thymus
  • Coordinates immune system and directly kills infected cells
  • Specific
  • Cell-mediated
  • Only specific defense against intracellular pathogens (viruses)

Four Types:
1. Cytotoxic T-cells
2. Helper T-cells
3. Memory T-cells
4. Suppressor T-cells

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5
Q

Granulocytes

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
  4. Mast cells
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6
Q

Agranulocytes

A
  1. B- and T-cells (lymphocytes)
  2. Monocytes (macrophages)
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7
Q

Skin

A
  • Physical barrier
  • Secretes antimicrobial enzymes
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8
Q

Defensins

A

Antibacterial enzymes on skin

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9
Q

Lysozyme

A
  • Antimicrobial
  • Present in tears and saliva
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10
Q

Mucus

A
  • Present on mucous membraness
  • Traps incoming pathogens
  • In respiratory system, cilia propel mucus upward so it can be swallowed/expelled
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11
Q

Stomach Acid

A

Antimicrobial mechanism in digestive system

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12
Q

Normal Gastrointestinal Flora

A

Provides competition making it hard for pathogenic bacteria to grow in gut

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13
Q

Complement

A

Set of proteins in blood that can create holes in bacteria

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14
Q

Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Dendritic cells in skin
  3. Some B-cells
  4. Certain activated epithelial cells
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15
Q

MHC-I

A
  • Found in all nucleated cells
  • Presents proteins created within the cell (endogenous antigens)
  • Allows for detection of cells infected with intracellular pathogens (especially viruses)
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16
Q

MHC-II

A
  • Only found in antigen-presenting cells
  • Presents poteins that result from digestion of extracellular pathogens that have been brought in by endocytosis (exogenous antigens)
17
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Activated by cells that don’t present MHC (ex: virally infected cells and cancer cells)

18
Q

Neutrophils

A

Activated by bacteria especially ones that have been opsonized (tagged with an antibody on their surface)

19
Q

Eosinophils

A

Activated by invasive parasites and allergens

20
Q

Basophils/Mast cells

A

Activated by allergens

21
Q

Plasma Cells

A
  • Form from B-cells exposed to antigen
  • Produce antibodies
22
Q

Memory B-Cells

A
  • Form from B-cells exposed to antigen
  • Wait for second exposure to given antigen to mount rapid strong response
23
Q

Helper T-Cells

A
  • Coordinate immune system through lymphokines
  • Respond to antigen bound to MHC-II
24
Q

Cytotoxic T-Cells

A
  • Directly kill virally infected cells
  • Respond to antigen bound to MHC-I
25
Q

Suppressor (Regulatory) T-Cells

A
  • Quell immune response after pathogen has been cleared
  • Promote self-tolerance
26
Q

Memory T-Cells

A

Wait until second exposure to pathogen to mount rapid strong response

27
Q

Circulating Antibodies

A

Three Main Effects Can Have on Pathogen:
1. Can mark a pathogen for destruction by phagocytic cells (opsonization)
2. Cause agglutination of pathogen in insoluble complexes that can be taken up by phagocytic cells
3. Neutralize pathogen by preventing its ability to invade tissues

28
Q

Specific Antibodies

A
  • B-cells mature in bone marrow and have some specificity
  • Antibodies can respond to a given antigen
  • Undergo hypermutation/rapid mutation of antigen-binding sites
  • B-cells that have highest affinity for antigen survive/proliferate increasing specificity for antigen over time
29
Q

Positive Selection

A

T-cells in thymus that can respond to antigen presented on MHC are allowed to survive
* Those that don’t respond undergo apoptosis

30
Q

Negative Selection

A

T-cells that respond to self-antigens undergo apoptosis before leaving thymus

31
Q

Active Immunity

A

Stimulation of immune system to produce antibodies against a pathogen
* Weeks to build

32
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Transfer of antibodies to prevent infection without stimulation of plasma cells that produce these antibodies
* Acquired immediately

33
Q

Thoracic Duct

A

Mainly responsible for returning materials from lymphatic circulation to cardiovascularsystem
* lymphatic fluid into left subclavian vein

34
Q

Lymphatic System

A
  • Collect excess interstitial fluid and return to circulatory system
  • Maintains balance of body nfluids
  • Accepts chylomicrons from small intestine and delivers to cardiovascular circulation
  • Absorbs fluid pushed into tissues
    *
35
Q

Clonal Selection

A

When adaptive immune system encounters antigen only cells with receptors (antibodies/T-cell receptors) specific to antigen are activated

36
Q

Phagocytes that Attack Bacteria

A

Neutrophils (found in blood, attack there or in tissues)
Dendritic Cells (any material, in skin)

MCAT Biology (8 decks)

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