Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT Biology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Clevage

A

Zygote undergoes rapid mitotic cell divisions
Two types:
1. Indeterminate
2. Determinate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Indeterminate Clevage

A

Cell divission where cells can differentiate into any cell type or a whole organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Determinate Clevage

A

Cell division in cells having definitive lineages
* AT LEAST 1 daughter cell is commited to diffferenting into certain type of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Stages of Development

A

Zygote: 2-, 4-, 8-
16-Cell Embryo > morula > blastula/blastocyst (implantation occurs) > gastrula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Primary Germ Layers

A
  1. Ectoderm (outermost layer)
  2. Mesoderm (middle layer)
  3. Endoderm (innermost layer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ectoderm

A

Organs:
* Integument (epidermis, hair, nails, epithelia of nose, mouth, anal canal)
* Lens of eye
* Nervous system (adrenal medulla)
* Inner ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mesoderm

A

Organs:
* Musculoskeletal system
* Circulatory system
* Excretory system
* Gonads
* Muscular and connective tissue layers of digestive and respiratory systems
* Adrenal Cortex
* Notochord: Rod of mesodermal cells that develop along longitudinal axis under dorsal layer of ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Endoderm

A

Organs:
* Epithelial linings of digestive and respiratory tracts
* Parts of liver
* Pancreas
* Thyroid
* Bladder
* Distal urinary and reproductive tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Induction

A

Nearby cells influence differentiation of adjacent cells
* Ensures proper spatial location and orientation of cells sharing/complementary functions
* Mediated by influencers (chemicals) that diffuse from organizing cells to responsive cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neural Crest Cells

A
  • Become peripheral nervous system (sensory ganglia, autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla, Schwann cells)
  • Specific cell types in other tissues (calcitonin-producing cells of thyroid, melanocytes in skin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Determination

A

Commitment of a cell to a particular lineage
* Presence of specific mRNA and protein molecules may result in determination
* May occur from secretion of morphogens (specific molecules from nearby cells)
* Hasn’t produced products needed to carry out functions of cell type
* If fails will lead to absence of structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Differentiation

A

Actual changes that occur for the cell to assume structure/function/biochemistry of determined cell type
* If fails leads to absence of structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stem Cells

A

Cells that haven’t differentiated that lead to other cells that will differentiate
* Thought that can regenerate human tissues (ex: spinal chord and cardiac myocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Potency

A

What determines the tissues a certain stem cell can differentiate into
3 Types:
1. Totipotent
2. Pluripotent
3. Multipotent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Totipotent

A

Any cell type in the developing embryo (primary germ layers) or inextraembryonic tissues (amnion, chorion, placenta)
* Cells with greatest potency
* Embryonic stem cells
* Can differentiate into any cell type in fetus/placental structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pluripotent

A

Any cell type in developing embryo (primary germ layers)
* Can differentiate into any cell type but placental structures

17
Q

Multipotent

A

Any cell type within a particular lineage (ex: hematopoietic stem cells)
* Can differentiate into multiple types of cells within particular group

18
Q

Cell-Cell Communication

A
  1. Autocrine:
    * Signal acts on same cell that secreted it
  2. Paracrine:
    * Signal acts on local cells
  3. Juxtracrine
    * Cell triggers adjacent cells through direct receptor stimulation
  4. Endocrine
    * Signal travels through bloodstream to act at far away sites
19
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death
* Results in contained blebs of dead cell that can be picked up/digested by other cells

20
Q

Necrosis

A

Cell death due to injury
* Results in spilling of cytoplasmic contents

21
Q

Umbilical Arteries

A

Carry deoxygenated blood
* More arteries in umbilical chord than veins

22
Q

Umbilical Veins

A

Carry oxygenated blood

23
Q

Foramen Ovale

A

Right atrium to left atrium
* Bypasses lungs

24
Q

Ductus Arteriosus

A

Pulmonary artery to aorta
* Bypasses lungs

25
Q

Ductus Venosus

A

Umbilical vien to inferior vena cava
* Bypasses liver

26
Q

First Trimester

A

Organogenesis occurs
* Development of heart, eyes, gonads, limbs, liver, brain
* More severe brain disorders occur here versus second trimester (ex: organ missing)

27
Q

Second Trimester

A
  • Lots of growth
  • Movement begins
  • Face becomes human looking
  • Digits elongate
28
Q

Third Trimester

A
  • Rapid growth
  • Brain development
  • Last to develop is lungs
  • Transfer of antibodies
29
Q

First Phase of Birth

A
  • Cervix thins
  • Amniotic sac ruptures
30
Q

Second Phase of Birth

A

Uterine contractions (coordinated by prostaglandins and oxytocin) result in birth

31
Q

Third Phase of Birth

A

Placenta and umbilical chord expelled

31
Q

Third Phase of Birth

A

Placenta and umbilical chord expelled

32
Q

Telomerase

A

Normally, cells divide until telomeres are too short then will stop
* Cells continue to divide meaning that telomerase is probably activated and makes cells ablee to continue to divide

33
Q

Incomplete Regeneration

A

Newly formed tissues aren’t indentical in structure/function to tissues injured/lost

MCAT Biology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions