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MCAT Biology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Right Atrium

A

Tricuspid valve (prevents backflow)

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2
Q

Right Ventricle

A

Pulmonary valve (prevents backflow)

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3
Q

Left Atrium

A

Mitral (bicuspid) valve (prevents backflow)

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4
Q

Left Ventricle

A

Aortic valve (prevents backflow)

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5
Q

Conduction System of Heart

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)-> Atrioventricular (AV) node -> Bundle of His (AV bundle) and its branches -> Purkinje fibers

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6
Q

Artery

A
  • Carries blood away from heart
  • Thick wall
  • A lot of smooth muscle
  • No valves
  • Make use of pumping of heart to push blood
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7
Q

Capillary

A
  • Carries blood from arterioles to venules
  • Very thin (one cell layer) walls
  • No smooth muscle
  • No valves
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8
Q

Vein

A
  • Carries blood toward heart
  • Thin wall
  • A little smooth muscle (allows stretching to store most of blood in body)
  • Has valves (one way flow of blood toward heart)
  • Uses skeletal muscle contractions to push blood
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9
Q

Right Side of Heart vs Left Side of Heart

A

Right side: pumps blood into lower-resistance circuit at lower pressures, so less muscle
Left side: pumps blood into higher-resistance circuit at higher pressures, so more muscle

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10
Q

Autonomic Innervation

A

Controls heart rate via sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous system

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11
Q

Plasma

A

Aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, and blood proteins (clotting proteins, immunoglobulins, etc.)

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12
Q

Blood Donation/Receiving

A
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13
Q

Hematocrit

A

Measures percentage of blood sample occupied by RBCs.
* Measured in percentage points

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14
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Leukocyte involved in specific immune defense

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15
Q

Platelets

A

Cellular fragments/shards given off by megakaryocytes in bone barrow

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16
Q

Blood Cell Types with Nuclei

A

Leukocytes:
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils
4. Monocytes/macrophages
5. Lymphocytes

17
Q

Blood Cell Types without Nuclei

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Platelets
18
Q

Opening up more capillary beds (in parallel)…

A

Decreases overall resistance of circuit

19
Q

Bicarbonate Buffer System

A

CO2 is byproduct of metabolism that’s used here
* Catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase

20
Q

Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve

A
  • Amount of Oxygen delivery seen as drop in y-value (% hemoglobin saturation)
  • blood 100% saturated while in lungs and only 80% while in tissues and 20% after tissue release

Right Shift:
Increased CO2, increased [H+], decreased pH, increased temperature, increased 2,3-BPG.

Left Shift:
Decreased CO2, decreased [H+], increased pH, decreased temperature, decreased 2,3-BPG

21
Q

Coagulation Cascade

A

Started: exposure of collagen and tissue factor
Stabilized: fibrin

22
Q

Erythrocytes

A
  • Contain hemoglobin
  • Anaerobic
  • No nucleus
  • Phagocytized in spleen and liver after some time
23
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • Decreasing pH decreases hemoglobins affinity for O2
  • Affinity for O2 lowered in exercising muscle
  • Increased pH increases affinity
  • Higher affinity in fetal blood than maternal
24
Q

Circulatory Pathway

A

Superior vena cava (BP ~ 0) -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta (high BP)

25
Q

Capillary Bed

A
  • Osmotic (oncotic) pressure remains constant
  • Osmotic pressure affected by plasma proteins, less proteins less osmotic pressure
  • Hydrostatic pressure at arterial end is greater than venous end
  • Fluid moves out of capillaries at arterial end and back in at venous end (osmotic pressure exceeds hydrostatic pressure)
26
Q

Cardiac Output

A

CO = heart rate * stroke volume

27
Q

Decreased Oxygen

A
  • Increase in PaCO2
  • Decrease in pH
  • Decreased hemoglobin affinity for Oxygen
27
Q

Decreased Oxygen

A
  • Increase in PaCO2
  • Decrease in pH
  • Decreased hemoglobin affinity for Oxygen
28
Q

Arterioles

A
  • Can contract/dilate to affect BP
  • Highly muscular
  • Greatest amount of resistance
  • Greatest drop in BP

MCAT Biology (8 decks)

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