Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT Biology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Axon

A

Transmits an electrical signal (action potential) from soma to synaptic knob

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Axon Hillock

A

Integrates excitatory and inhibitory signals from dendrites and fires an action potential if excitatory signal are strong enough to reach the threshold
* Where action potential is initiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive incoming signals and carry them to the soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Myelin Sheath

A
  • Acts as insulation around axons
  • Speeds up conduction
  • Nods of Ranvier form gaps along axon
  • Saltatory conduction of action potentials
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Soma

A

Cell body and contains nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Synaptic Bouton

A

Lies at end of axon and releases neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nucleus

A

Collection of cell bodies in central nerous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ganglion

A

Collection of cell bodies in peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Astrocyte

A

Nourish neurons and form blood-brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Produce cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Microglia

A

Ingest and break down waste products and pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Olgiodendrocytes

A

Produce myelin in central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Produce myelin in peripheral nervous sytem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase

A
  • Maintains resting membrane potential
  • At approximately -70 mV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Temporal Summation

A

Integration of multiple signals close to each other in time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Spatial Summation

A

Integration of multiple signals close to each other in space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sodium Channel

A
  • Opens first at threshold (~ -50 mV)
  • Regulated by inactivation (~ 35 mV)
  • Only reversed by repolarizing cell
  • Opening of sodium channel causes depolarization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Potassium Channel

A
  • Opens second (~ 35 mV)
  • Regulated by closing at low potentials (little below ~ -70 mV)
  • Opening of potassium channel causes repolarization, eventually hyperpolarization
19
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

Cell unable to fire an action potential regardless of intensity of stimulus

20
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A

Cell can fire an action potential only with stimulus stronger than normal

21
Q

Calcium

A

Responsible for fusion of neurotransmitter vesicles with nerve terminal membrane

22
Q

Stopping Neurotransmitter’s Action

A
  1. Enzymatic Degradation
  2. Reuptake
  3. Diffusion
23
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Made up of brain and spinal chord

24
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Made up of cranial and spinal nerves and sensors

25
Q

Afferent (Sensory) Neurons

A

Bring signals from sensor to central nervous system
* Enters spinal cord on the dorsal side

  • Recieves stimulus bringing it to threshold
  • Receptor becomes depolarized allowing it to transduce stimulus to action potential
  • Sensory neuron to CNS where neurotransmitters released
26
Q

Efferent (Motor) Neurons

A

Bring signals from central nervous system to effector

27
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Responsible for voluntary actions
* Most notably moving muscles

28
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Responsible for involuntary actions
Ex: heart rate, bronchial dilation, dilation of pupils, exocrine gland function, peristalsis

29
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A
  • Promotes fight-or-flight response
  • Ex: increased HR, bronchial dilation, redistribution of blood to locomotor muscles, dilation of pupils, slowing of digestive and urinary function
30
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A
  • Promotes rest-and-digest functions
  • Ex: slowing HR, constricting bronchi, redistributing blood to gut, promoting exocrine secretions, constricting pupils, promoting peristalsis and urinary function
31
Q

Monosynaptic Reflex

A

Sensory (afferent, presynaptic) neuron fires directly onto a motor (efferent, postsynaptic) neuron

32
Q

Polysynaptic Reflex

A
  • Sensory neuron may fire directly onto motor neuron but interneurons are used too
  • Interneurons fire onto other motor neurons
33
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

Depends on differential distribution of ions across axon membrane and active transport of ions across membrane

34
Q

Nerves

A
  • Individual axons that are bundled
  • Single nerve can carry multiple types of information (sensory, motor, or both)
35
Q

Tracts

A
  • Individual axons bundled
  • Contains only one type of information
36
Q

Hyperpolarized

A

Potential across axon membrane is more negative than normal resting potential
* Occurs right after an action potential and caused by excess potassium exiting neutron

37
Q

Depolarized

A

Potential across axon membrane is less negative than normal resting potential

38
Q

Repolarized

A

Restoring of membrane pontential following depolarisation

39
Q

Polarized

A
40
Q

Somatic Division Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • Innervates skeletal muscles
  • Responsible for voluntary movement
  • Reflex arcs (reflexive responses to certain stimuli that involve only sensory and motor neuron)
  • Pathway can involve various amounts of neurons
41
Q

Preganglionic Neuron

A

Releases Acetylchole as neurotransmitter in sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

42
Q

Postganglionic Neuron

A

Sympathetic Nervous System: Releases norepinephrine
Parasympathetic Nervous System: Releasess acetylcholine

43
Q

Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels

A
  • Nerve terminal depolarizes
  • Channels open allowing influx of Calcium
  • Calcium triggers fusion of synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters with membrane of neuron at nerve terminal
  • Exocytosis of neurotransmitters into synapse

MCAT Biology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions