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MCAT Biology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Chemical Precursor

A

Peptide Hormones: Amino Acids (Polypeptides)
Steroid Hormones: Cholesterol names end with -one, -ol, or -oid

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2
Q

Location of Receptor

A

Peptide Hormones: Extracellular (cell membrane)
Steroid Hormones: Intracellular/Intranuclear

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3
Q

Mechanism of Action

A

Peptide Hormones: Stimulates receptor (usually G protein-coupled receptor) affecting levels of second messengers (commonly cAMP). Initiates signal cascade

Steroid Hormone: Binds to receptor, induces conformational change, regulates transcription at DNA level

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4
Q

Method of Travel in Bloodstream

A

Peptide Hormones: Dissolves and travels freely
Steroid Hormones: Binds to carrier protein

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5
Q

Rapidness of Onset

A

Peptide Hormones: Quick
Steroid Hormones: Slow

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6
Q

Duration of Action

A

Peptide Hormones: Short-lived
Steroid Hormones: Long-lived

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7
Q

Amino Acid-Derivative Hormones

A
  • Made by modifying amino acids
  • Ex: adding iodine to tyrosine (thyroid hormone production)
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8
Q

Direct Hormones

A
  • Secreted into bloodstream
  • Travel to target issue where they have direct effects
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9
Q

Tropic Hormones

A

Cause secretion of another hormone that travels to target tissue to cause an effect

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10
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)

A
  • Hypothalamic releasing hormone
  • Hormone from anterior pituitary: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Target organ: Gonads (testes or ovaries)
  • Hormones released by target organ: Testosterone cortical sex hormone (testes) or estrogen and progesterone (ovaries)
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11
Q

Corticotropin-releasing Factor (CRF)

A
  • Hypothalamic releasing hormone
  • Hormone from anterior pituitary: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Target organ: adrenal cortex
  • Hormones released by target organs: Glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone)
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12
Q

Thyroid-releasing Hormone (TRH)

A
  • Hypothalamic releasing hormone
  • Hormones from anterior pituitary: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Target organ: thyroid
  • Hormones released by target organ: Triiodothryonine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
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13
Q

Dopamine

A
  • Hypothalamic releasing hormone
  • Hormone from anterior pituitary: Prolactin (decrease in dopamine promotes prolactin secretion)
  • Target Organ: breast tissue
  • No hormones released by target organ
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14
Q

Growth Hormone-releasing Hormone (GHRH)

A
  • Hormone from anterior pituitary: Growth hormone
  • Target organ: bone, muscle
  • No hormones released by target organ
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15
Q

Calcium Homeostasis

A

Hormones involved:
1. Calcitonin:
* From parafollicular (C-) cells of thyroid decreases blood calcium concentration

  1. Parathyroid Hormone:
    * From parathyroid glands
    * Increases blood calcium concentration
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16
Q

Catecholamines

A

Synthesized by adrenal medulla
* * Including epinephrine and norepinephrine

17
Q

Glucose Homeostasis

A

Pancreatic Hormone Drivers:
1. Glucagon
* From a-cells of pancreas
* Increases blood glucose concentration

  1. Insulin
    * From B-cells of pancreas
    * Decreases blood glucose concentration
  2. Somatostatin
    * Produced by sigma cells and inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion
    * Always inhibitory
18
Q

Water Homeostasis

A

Three Hormones Involved:
1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH/vasopressin)
* From hypothalamus (released by posterior pituitary
* Increases blood volume
* Decreases blood osmolarity

  1. Aldosterone:
    * From adrenal cortex
    * Increases blood volume
    * No effect on blood osmolarity
    * Mineralcorticoid
    * Renin converts plasma protein angiotensinogen > angiotensin I
    * Angiotensin I > Angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme
    * Angiotensin II stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
  2. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP):
    * From heart
    * Decreases blood volume
    * No effect on blood osmolarity
19
Q

Iodine Deficiency (inflamation of thyroid)

A
  • Can cause hypothyroidism
  • In infants can cause cretinism
  • Swelling of thyroid gland (goiter)
20
Q

Peptide Hormone

A

Hormones that act via second messengers (ex: cAMP) and are relatively large in size (short peptides/complex polypeptides)
* Commonly ends in -in
* Made of chains of amino acids
* Too large, polar, and charged to cross membrane
* Bind to extracellular receptors and rely on second messengers

MCAT Biology (8 decks)

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