chapter 8

Question 1

availability heuristic

Answer 1

basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease within which relevant instances come to mind.

Ex: you may estimate the divorce rate by basing it off of your family and friends. Your estimate could be biased if you have a hard time retrieving the correct information and memory.

Question 2

Representative Heuristic:

Answer 2

basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event.

Ex: pps tend to guess that Steve is a librarian because he resembles their prototype of a librarian. In reality this is not a wise guess because it ignores the base rates of librarians and salespeople in the population. ( salespeople outnumber librarians )

Question 3

The confirmation bias:

Answer 3

tendency to seek out and/or overvalue information that supports an existing belief

Question 4

The planning fallacy:

Answer 4

predicted # of days to complete, actual # of days to complete, confidence in completing project within estimated time frame

Question 5

How do heredity and environment interact to influence IQ? (Hint: Know what is meant by reaction range.)

Answer 5

Family members share not just genes, but similar environments. If high intelligence (or low intelligence) appears in a family over several generations, this consistency could reflect the influence of either shared genes or shared environment.

Question 6

What are the three facets of intelligence that make up the theory of successful intelligence

Answer 6

analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence

Analytical intelligence involves abstract reasoning, evaluation, and judgment

Creative intelligence involves the ability to generate new ideas and to be inventive in dealing with novel problems

Practical intelligence involves the ability to deal effectively with the kinds of problems people encounter in everyday life, such as on the job or at home

Question 7

Biological factors that underline hunger

Answer 7

brain regulation, digestive, and hormonal regulation

Question 8

environmental factors that underline hunger

Answer 8

food availability and related cues (probability, quantity available, variety, presence of others, stress)

Question 9

why is belongingness a need?

Answer 9

Belongingness is really a need if…
it is innate, integral
human babies are helpless when born
socially provides us with security, resources

Question 10

Focus in particular on the research showing that affiliations form easily and lack of belonging has negative consequences.

Answer 10

Affiliation occurs all across cultures (it is universal)
Although the specific views on relationships differ (as do specific strategies)
Affiliations form easily
Exclusion activities (pain centers) in brain
This brain region process both physical and social pain
Health effects of loneliness among the elderly
Increases in stress hormone cortisol
Poorer immune functioning
Difficulty getting deep sleep
Faster progression of Alzheimer’s disease