Chapter 7 Flashcards
what is the level of processing theory?
Levels of processing theory proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer lasting memory codes.
Memory involves more than just storage and has inspired a great deal of research on how processing considerations affect memory.
Ex: Asking pp questions about various characteristics of the words. After responding to the 60 words, the pp received an unexpected test of their memory for the words. The hypothesis that deeper processing leads to enhanced memory has been replicated in many studies.
encoding
initial recording of info
storage
info saved for future use
retrieval
recovery of stored info
elaboration
the linking of a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
Ex: you read that phobias are often caused by classical conditioning, and you apply this idea to your own fear of spiders by analyzing how you were conditioned. In doing so, you are engaging in elaboration.
method of loci
nvolves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations.
process of elaboration
elaborating on a specific idea using background information aka unconditioned/conditioned response
rehearsal
the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information
elaborative rehearsal
a method of transferring information from Short Term Memory into Long Term Memory by making that information meaningful in some way
dual coding theory
Dual coding theory holds that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes since either can lead to recall.
The use of mental imagery can enhance memory in many situations
semantic networks
consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts.
Ex: semantic networks have proven useful in explaining why thinking about one word (such as butter) can make a closely related word (such as bread) easier to remember.
reconstruction of memory
all memories are reconstructions of the past that may be distorted and may include details that did not actually happen/occur
misinformation effect
Occurs when recall of an event is changed by misleading post-event information
What are the findings from Loftus’s car crash and lost at the mall studies, and how do they relate to the misinformation effect?
The specific word choice when describing the car crash is very significant. If they used the word “smash”, they are more likely to remember broken glass, even if there wasn’t any. This is because broken glass is consistent with their schemas for cars smashing together.
source monitoring error
Occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source
Example from book: You might attribute something your roommate said to your psychology professor
*confusion about the source and who that is
