chapter 8 Flashcards
What are the concepts of the foundation of nursing?
Person, Environment, Health… and nursing
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When was the General Systems Theory Created and who created it?
1936; Ludwig Von Bertalanffy
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What did Ludwig Von Bertalanffy believe?
That a common framework for studying several similar disciplines would allow scientist and scholars to organize and communicate findings, making it easier to build on the work of others
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What is the first component of a system?
Input
the raw materials, such as information, energy, or matter- that enters a system is transformed by it. For a system to work well, input should contribute to achieving the purpose of the system
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What is the second component of a system?
Throughput
Processes a system used to convert raw materials (input) into a form that can be used, either by the system itself or by the environment (also called the suprasystem)
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What is the third/end result component of a system?
Output
End result or product of a system
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What is the fourth component of a system?
Evaluation
Measuring the success or failure of the output and consequently the effectiveness of the system
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What is the final component of a system?
Feedback
Process of communicating what is found in evaluation of the system. Feedback is the information given back into the system to determine whether the purpose, or end result, of the system has been achieved
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What is a open system?
Promotes the exchange of matter, energy, and information with other systems and the environment
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What is a closed system?
Does not interact with other systems or with surrounding environment. Matter, energy and information does not flow into or out of a closed system
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What are the two points essential to a basic understanding of systems?
- The whole is different from and greater than the sum of its parts (subsystems); 2. Involves synergy (occurs when all the various subsystems work together to create a result that is not independently achievable)
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True or False: All living systems are closed systems?
False; all living systems are open systems
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What is the basis for holistic care (nursing care that takes all aspects of the person into consideration)?
Uniqueness which is determined genetically, environmentally, and experientially
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What are Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
Basic Level: Physiologic Needs (food, oxygen, air, activity, shelter, and sexual expression); Second Level: Safety and Security; Third Level: Social Needs; Fourth Level: Self Esteem; Final Level: Self-Actualization
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What are Maslow’s assumptions about human needs?
- Basic needs must be partially satisfied before high order needs can become relevant to the individual; 2. Individuals meet their needs in different ways
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What is the most direct influence on a person?
The family
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What is the difference between “Nuclear” and “Extended” Family?
Nuclear is the parents the children and Extended is a variety of relatives as well as their family
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What is ethnocentrism?
Making judgements, often negative, about another’s culture relative to one’s own
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What organization has the mission to reduce hazardous waste, specifically mercury, produced from health care facilities?
Heath Care Without Harm
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Who defined health as an individual’s optimum ability to perform his/her roles and tasks effectively
Parsons
This definition focused on the roles individuals assume in life and the impact health or illness has on the fulfillment of those roles
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Who was one of the first scholars interested in determining why some people change their health behaviors whereas others do not?
Rosenstock
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Rosenstock’s health beliefs model included what three components?
- An evaluation of one’s vulnerability to a condition and the seriousness of that condition; 2. An evaluation of how effective the health maintenance behavior might be; 3. The presence of a trigger event that precipitates the health maintenance behavior
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Who developed an approach designed to assist people to exercise influence over their own health-related behaviors?
Albert Bandura
Identified four components needed for an effective program, of lifestyle changes: information, skill development, skill enhancement through guided practice and feedback, and creating social supports for change
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What are the three steps in the process of valuing?
Choosing (intellectual), prizing (emotional), and acting (behavioral)
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What are the six branches of philosophy?
- Epistemology (theory of knowledge itself); 2. Logic (proper and improper methods of reasoning); 3. Aesthetics (what is beautiful); 4. Ethics (standards of conduct); 5. Politics (regulation and control of people living in society); 6. Metaphysics (consideration of the ultimate nature of existence, reality, human experience, and the universe)
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