chapter 7 Flashcards
What are the three general types of ethics
- Metaethics; 2. Normative ethics; 3. Applied ethic
METAETHICS focuses on universal truths, and where and how ethical principles are developed
NORMATIVE ETHICS focus on the moral standards that regulate behaviors
APPLIED ETHICS focus on specific difficult issues (such as euthanasia)
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Often in healthcare nurses face an uncertain space known as what?
The “grey area” where right or wrong acts is not clear or sharply delineated
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Define Values
Attitudes, ideas, or beliefs that an individual or a group holds and uses to guide behavior; indicate what the individual considers important
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Define Morals
Provide standards of behavior that guide the actions of an individual or social group and are established rules of conduct to be used in situations where a decision about right and wrong must be made
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Define Ethics
Used to reflect what actions an individual should take and maybe “codified” as in the ethical code of a profession
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Define Bioethics
The application of ethical theories and principles to moral issues or problems in health care
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Why did bioethics come into the existence in 1970?
Health care providers began to embrace a holistic view of the patient and the rights of patients, in addition to treating and curing disease
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What is a critical attribute of providing care in a professional setting?
Professional ethics override personal morals and values
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What provides substantial guidance in determining how to respond and act in practice settings when faced with an ethical dilemma?
Professional ethical codes such as that of the ANA provide
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Who are the two important theorist in moral development and reasoning?
Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan
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What are Kohlberg’s three level of moral reasoning as a function of cognitive development?
- Pre-conventional; Conventional; Post-conventional
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What is the Pre-conventional level?
Individual is inattentive to the norms of society when responding to moral problems. Instead the individual’s perspective is self centered. At this level, what the individual wants or needs takes precedence over right or wrong.
Stage 1- responds to punishment
Stage2- responds to the prospect of personal reward
(Children younger than 9 years of age, as well as some adolescents and adult criminal offenders)
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What is the Conventional level?
Moral decisions that conform to the expectations of one’s family, group, or society.
Stage 3-based on what is pleasing to others
Stage 4- makes moral choices based on a large notion of what is desired by society
(most adolescents and adults function at this level)
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What is the Post-conventional level?
Involves more independent modes of thinking. The individual has developed the ability to define his or her own moral values.
Part of their moral reasoning and behavior is based on a socially agreed on standard of human rights
(Minority of adults)
Stage 5 and Stage 6
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____ was concerned that ____ did not adequately recognize women’s experiences in the development of moral reasoning.
Gulligan; Kohlberg
(Gilligan described a moral development perspective focused on care; Kohlberg had an orientation toward justice)
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What are Gilligan’s level of moral development?
- Orientation to individual survival; 2. A focus on goodness with recognition of self-sacrifice; 3. the mortality of caring and being responsible for others, as well as self
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What does the term deontology mean?
Obligation or duty
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What did Immanuel Kant believe?
That an act was moral if its motives or intentions were good, regardless of the outcome
(the deontological perspective does not look primarily at the consequences of actions or outcomes; rather , it focuses on the intent of the act)
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What does the term Utilitarianism mean?
Based on a fundamental belief that the moral rightness of an action is determined solely by its consequences
(first developed by David Hume; Stuart Mill had a significant influence on utilitarianism ethics as it is known today)
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What do those who subscribe to utilitarianism ethics believe?
Maximizing the greatest good for the benefit, happiness, or pleasure of the greatest number of people is moral
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What is virtue of ethics?
Tendencies to act, feel, and judge that develop through appropriate training but come from natural tendencies
Virtues are specific traits… honesty, courage, kindness, act
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What is Principalism?
A moral decision-making approach to assess the ethics of research with human subjects in response to the horrific of biomedical research
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What key ethical principles does Principalism use to resolve ethical conflicts or dilemmas?
Beneficence (do good) Nonmaleficence (do no harm) Autonomy (respect for the person's ability to act in his or her own best interests) Justice Fidelity (faithfulness) Veracity (truth telling)
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What are autonomous decisions based on?
- individual’s values; 2. adequate information; 3. freedom from coercion; 4. reason and deliberation
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The rule of double effect considers the intended foreseen effects of actions by the professional nurse:
- The action must be good or at least morally indifferent (neutral)
- The health care provider must intend only the good effect, and the bad effect is unintended
- The good effect is not achieved by means of the bad effect
- There is a favorable balance between the desirable and undesirable effects (the good outweighs the bad)
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What are the steps that can be used in ethical decision making?
- Clarify the ethical dilemma; 2. Gather additional data; 3. Identify options; 4. Make a decision
In 1893, what became the first public evidence of an ethical code in nursing?
The Nightingale Pledge
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In 1896, what was organized with the purpose of establishing and maintaining a code of ethics?
The Nurses’ Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada, which later become the ANA
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What is the nursing profession’s expression of its ethical values and duties to the public?
The code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements
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Who is responsible for the periodic review of the code to ensure that it reflects the contemporary issues of this dynamic profession and is consistent with the ethical standards of the society in which we live?
The ANA
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Besides “The code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements” what is another very important document for professional nurses?
The ANA’s Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice (3rd edition)
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True or False: Professional ethics outweigh personal ethics in a professional setting
True
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What is “The Patient Care Partnership”?
Describes what patients can and should expect while hospitalized
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What is “Patient Self-Determination Act”?
Safeguard fro patients’ rights, giving patients the legal right to determine how vigorously they wish to be treated in life-or-death situations, and calls for hospitals to abide by patient’s advance directives
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What are two distinct issues addressed in ethical issues related to immigration and migration that effect nursing and have ethical implications?
- Language/ communication problems between patients and healthcare providers; 2. the migration of nurses
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___ coined a moral using the acronym ____ to signify the necessity to respond to an integrity-compromising situation. What does it stand for?
Lachman; CODE
C= courage; O=obligation to honor; D= danger management; E= expression and action
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