Chapter 7.6, 11.1, and 11.2

Question 1

The cytoskeleton is made up of:

Answer 1

Microtubules, Actin Filaments (microfilaments), and Intermediate Filaments

Question 2

The cytoskeleton is:

Answer 2

Network of fibers that provide structural support to the cell and help maintain cell shape

Question 3

True or False: The cytoskeleton is dynamic (changes to alter cell’s shape, transport materials in cell, move cell itself)

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Microtubules are ___, _____ _____ and made up of ______ ______

Answer 4

large, hollow tubes

tubulin dimers

Question 5

Microtubules are grown at their _ ends

Answer 5

Plus (+)

Question 6

True or False: Microtubules are non-polar

Answer 6

False

Question 7

Microtubules grow from the ______ and grow ____

Answer 7

MTOC (microtubule organizing center)

Outward, radiating throughout cell

Question 8

In animal cells, microtubules originate from _____

Answer 8

Centrosomes

Question 9

The ______ is the MTOC of an Animal cell

Answer 9

Centrosome

Question 10

A centrosome is made up of ______

Answer 10

2 centrioles

Question 11

Microtubules function to:

Answer 11

Transport vesicles and/or organelles

Question 12

Microtubule transport requires _____ and _____

Answer 12

ATP

Kinesin protein

Question 13

A Kinesin protein converts _____ into ______

Answer 13

Chemical energy in ATP

Mechanical energy

Question 14

True or False: Actin filaments are the smallest cytoskeletal elements

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Microfilaments (Actin Filaments) are formed by ________

Answer 15

Actin molecule polymerization

[Polymerization if individual actin molecules]

Question 16

Actin filaments are grouped into _____

Answer 16

long bundles or dense networks

Question 17

Actin filaments are found:

Answer 17

Just inside the plasma membrane

Question 18

Actin filaments have this function:

Answer 18

Help define cell shape

Can move to facilitate cell crawling, cytokinesis, etc.

Question 19

True or False: Actin filaments can move to facilitate cell crawling

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Actin Filament movement is facilitated by the _____

Answer 20

Motor protein Myosin

Question 21

Myosin uses _____ along with actin filaments to:

Answer 21

ATP

Grow actin in one direction, causing cell crawling

Question 22

Actin filament movement is the base function behind:

Answer 22

Muscle Contraction

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasmic streaming

Question 23

Cytoplasmic streaming is:

Answer 23

The flow of cytoplasm

Question 24

Intermediate filaments are defined by:

Answer 24

Size, rather than composition

Question 25

Intermediate filaments provide:

Answer 25

Structural support for the cell

Question 26

True or False: Intermediate filaments are a key part of cell movement

Answer 26

False

Question 27

Nuclear lamins are [Microtubules, Actin Filaments, Intermediate Filaments]

Answer 27

Intermediate filaments

Question 28

Nuclear lamins have these 2 function of:

Answer 28

Giving the Nucleus its shape by forming a dense mesh under the nuclear envelope Anchoring chromosomes to inside of Nucleus

Question 29

Explain the structure of the extracellular layer

Answer 29

Combination of collagen fibers, proteoglycans, and laminins

Question 30

An integrin protein is:

Answer 30

A protein embedded into the plasma membrane of a cell

Question 31

A peripheral protein is:

Answer 31

A protein attached to the surface of the plasma membrane

Question 32

Proteoglycans function to absorb _______ forces

Answer 32

Shock/Compression Proteoglycans are similar to shock absorbers in cars, lessen impact of forces

Question 33

Laminins are:

Answer 33

Extracellular cross-linking | fiberous glycoproteins that provide structure to the ECM

Question 34

Equivalent of proteoglycans in plant cells

Answer 34

Pectin

Question 35

Equivalent of collagen in plant cells

Answer 35

Cellulose

Question 36

Laminins function as ______ in the ECM

Answer 36

Anchor proteins

Question 37

The interior portion of the integrin will bind to ______ while the exterior portion of the integrin will bind to _____

Answer 37

Actin filaments, ECM components (collagen, proteoglycans)

Question 38

How does the ECM interact with cytoskeletal elements

Answer 38

Both are bonded to integrins in the cellular membrane

Question 39

Cell-Cell connections have these two main functions:

Answer 39

Adhesion and Communication

Question 40

Define the ECM's role in maintaining cell shape and structure

Answer 40

The ECM acts to resist and protect against tension and compression forces Think: Rebar reinforced concrete. The rebar (fibers) makes the concrete (gel of ECM created by water) very strong and much stronger than either component separately.

Question 41

Integrins anchor the ______ to the _______

Answer 41

Cytoskeleton, ECM

Question 42

ECM stands for

Answer 42

Extra-cellular matrix

Question 43

Tissues are formed by the:

Answer 43

Adhesion of cells

Question 44

List the three structures involved in Cell-Cell adhesion and communication between Animal Cells:

Answer 44

Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions

Question 45

List the two structures involved in Cell-Cell adhesion and communication between plant cells

Answer 45

Plasmodesmata Middle Lamella

Question 46

Myosin moves actin filaments by

Answer 46

Sliding the actin along (actin moves, not myosin)

Question 47

Kinesin moves along microtubules by:

Answer 47

"Walking" along the microtubule, towing its cargo (vesicle/organelle)

Question 48

The positive and negative ends of actin filaments are determined by:

Answer 48

The rate at which the two ends are growing. The plus end is growing much faster than the negative end

Question 49

Kinesin walks toward the ___ end only of microfilaments and ____ moves toward the opposite end of microfilaments

Answer 49

positive, dynein