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BIOL 160 > Chapter 19: Gene Expression > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Gene Expression Flashcards

1
Q

Gene expression in eukaryotes is _______

A

Differential

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2
Q

Differential gene expression is responsible for:

A
  1. Forming specialized cell types (i.e. liver, muscle)
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3
Q

RNA splicing has this impact on gene expression:

A

Splicing means that the same DNA sequence can translate into several different types of proteins

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4
Q

Identical twins having different hair type is caused by

A

Different expressed alleles and different gene regulation

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5
Q

Mosaicism is a condition where:

A

The same gene can result in differently expressed phenotypes

I.E. people with differently colored eyes

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6
Q

Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes control gene expression at these levels:

A

Transcription, post-transcription, translation, post-translation

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7
Q

These levels of gene expression control are unique to eukaryotes

A
  1. Chromatin remodeling
  2. RNA processing
  3. Regulation of mRNA life span or stability
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8
Q

Chromatin is:

A

A single strand of DNA compacted into a size that can fit into a cell nucleus

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9
Q

Chromatin condensation means that:

A

It is too dense to be read by RNA Polymerase and thus can’t be transcribed

Chromatin condensation plays a key role in regulating gene expression

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10
Q

Chromatin remodeling is:

A

A process where chromatin around target genes is decondensed so that it is readable by RNA Polymerase

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11
Q

Cells detect molecular signals to do these two things

A
  1. Produce specific proteins

2. Trigger transcription

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12
Q

Chromatin contains _____ wrapped around _____

A

DNA, Nucleosomes

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13
Q

Nucleosomes consist of:

A

Negatively charged DNA wrapped twice around 8 positively charged histone proteins

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14
Q

Chromosomes reside in _____ _____ of the nucleus

A

Distinct territories

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15
Q

Chromatin is remodelled in these 3 ways:

A
  1. DNA Methylation
  2. Histone modification
  3. Chromatin-remodelling complexes
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16
Q

DNA Methylation adds _____ to cytosines in DNA

A

methyl (-CH3) groups

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17
Q

Methylated CpG sequences:

A
  1. Are recognized by proteins

2. Trigger chromatin condensation

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18
Q

Actively transcribed genes usually have ____ methylated CpG sequences near promoter

A

few

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19
Q

More Methylation = ______ Transcription

A

Less

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20
Q

The Codon for a Methyl Group is:

A

CG

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21
Q

Histone protein modification can be caused by:

A
  1. Acetyl Groups (-COCH3)
  2. Methyl Groups (-CH3)
  3. Phosphate groups and short peptide chains
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22
Q

Histone protein modification can promote either _______ or ________

A

Chromatid condensation or decondensation

23
Q

Adding Acetyl means ________

A

Chromatin decondenses (less compact)

24
Q

Removing Acetyl means _________

A

Chromatin condenses (more compact)

25
A histone code is __________
A set of particular modifications that sets the state of condensation for particular genes
26
True or False: Acetylation of histones is usually associated with activation of genes
True
27
What is the function of Histone acetyltransferases (HATs)
Adds acetyl groups to histones, decondensing chromatin (decompacting)
28
What is the function of Histone deacetylases
Removes acetyl groups from histones, leading to chromatin condensation (compacting)
29
"Go" (correlated with increase in transcription) processes for gene expression
Acetylation of histones, DNA demethylation
30
"Slow" (correlated with decrease of transcription) processes for gene expression
Deacetylation of histones, DNA methylation
31
Cancers involve _________
Uncontrolled cell division
32
Mutations lead to cancer when they affect:
1. Genes that stop or slow cell cycle | 2. Genes that trigger cell growth and division by initiating specific phases of cell cycle
33
True or False: Many of the genes that are mutated in cancer influence gene regulation
True
34
Tumor suppressors are:
Proteins that stop or slow cell cycle when conditions are unfavorable (ex. DNA damage)
35
Proto-oncogenes are:
Genes that stimulate cell division (stimulate cell cycle to continue)
36
Proto-oncogenes are normally active:
Only when conditions for cell division are favorable
37
In cancer cells, proto-oncogenes:
Stimulate growth at all times because a mutation has converted them to oncogenes
38
True or False: For cancers to develop, only one mutation must occur within a single cell
False
39
Transcription factor p53:
Is a tumor suppressor, promotes DNA repair and cell cycle arrest
40
Will a DNA strand with more acetyl groups will be more or less condensed? Will this increase or decrease RNA transcription.
Less condensed, will increase RNA transcription
41
Chromatin remodeling complexes are:
Proteins that either knock histones out of chromatin or can slide nucleosomes around to remodel the chromatin
42
Gene expression regulation leads to _________ which leads to __________
Differential gene expression, cellular differentiation (or cellular specialization)
43
Define cellular differentiation (AKA cellular specialization)
Differently functioning cells as a result of differential gene expression
44
Define an Oncogene
A malfunctioning proto-oncogene that promotes cell division at all times instead of only in favorable conditions
45
Histones are __ charged and DNA is __ charged
Positively, Negatively
46
Gene expression regulation is the regulation of:
What specific genes are expressed This causes differential gene expression and therefore cellular differentiation/specialization
47
Histones are acetylated by ____ and deacetylated by ____
HATs (Histone acetyltransferases) HDATs (Histone deacetylases)
48
Methyl groups are attached when you see a __ and a __ next to each other in a DNA sequence
C, G
49
Methyl groups are added to DNA sequences by _____
DNA methyl transferase
50
More DNA Methylation means:
More compact DNA, less gene expression
51
Unique features of info flow in eukaryotes
- RNA Processing | - Histone acetylation
52
Regulation at translation
Ribosomes don't bind to each other
53
Post-translational regulation
Activation and deactivation of proteins via phosphorylation or dephosphorylation

BIOL 160 (9 decks)

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