Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 160 > Chapter 19: Gene Expression > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Gene Expression Flashcards

1
Q

Gene expression in eukaryotes is _______

A

Differential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Differential gene expression is responsible for:

A
  1. Forming specialized cell types (i.e. liver, muscle)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

RNA splicing has this impact on gene expression:

A

Splicing means that the same DNA sequence can translate into several different types of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Identical twins having different hair type is caused by

A

Different expressed alleles and different gene regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mosaicism is a condition where:

A

The same gene can result in differently expressed phenotypes

I.E. people with differently colored eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes control gene expression at these levels:

A

Transcription, post-transcription, translation, post-translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

These levels of gene expression control are unique to eukaryotes

A
  1. Chromatin remodeling
  2. RNA processing
  3. Regulation of mRNA life span or stability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chromatin is:

A

A single strand of DNA compacted into a size that can fit into a cell nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chromatin condensation means that:

A

It is too dense to be read by RNA Polymerase and thus can’t be transcribed

Chromatin condensation plays a key role in regulating gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chromatin remodeling is:

A

A process where chromatin around target genes is decondensed so that it is readable by RNA Polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cells detect molecular signals to do these two things

A
  1. Produce specific proteins

2. Trigger transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chromatin contains _____ wrapped around _____

A

DNA, Nucleosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Nucleosomes consist of:

A

Negatively charged DNA wrapped twice around 8 positively charged histone proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chromosomes reside in _____ _____ of the nucleus

A

Distinct territories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Chromatin is remodelled in these 3 ways:

A
  1. DNA Methylation
  2. Histone modification
  3. Chromatin-remodelling complexes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

DNA Methylation adds _____ to cytosines in DNA

A

methyl (-CH3) groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Methylated CpG sequences:

A
  1. Are recognized by proteins

2. Trigger chromatin condensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Actively transcribed genes usually have ____ methylated CpG sequences near promoter

A

few

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

More Methylation = ______ Transcription

A

Less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The Codon for a Methyl Group is:

A

CG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Histone protein modification can be caused by:

A
  1. Acetyl Groups (-COCH3)
  2. Methyl Groups (-CH3)
  3. Phosphate groups and short peptide chains
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Histone protein modification can promote either _______ or ________

A

Chromatid condensation or decondensation

23
Q

Adding Acetyl means ________

A

Chromatin decondenses (less compact)

24
Q

Removing Acetyl means _________

A

Chromatin condenses (more compact)

25
Q

A histone code is __________

A

A set of particular modifications that sets the state of condensation for particular genes

26
Q

True or False: Acetylation of histones is usually associated with activation of genes

A

True

27
Q

What is the function of Histone acetyltransferases (HATs)

A

Adds acetyl groups to histones, decondensing chromatin (decompacting)

28
Q

What is the function of Histone deacetylases

A

Removes acetyl groups from histones, leading to chromatin condensation (compacting)

29
Q

“Go” (correlated with increase in transcription) processes for gene expression

A

Acetylation of histones, DNA demethylation

30
Q

“Slow” (correlated with decrease of transcription) processes for gene expression

A

Deacetylation of histones, DNA methylation

31
Q

Cancers involve _________

A

Uncontrolled cell division

32
Q

Mutations lead to cancer when they affect:

A
  1. Genes that stop or slow cell cycle

2. Genes that trigger cell growth and division by initiating specific phases of cell cycle

33
Q

True or False: Many of the genes that are mutated in cancer influence gene regulation

A

True

34
Q

Tumor suppressors are:

A

Proteins that stop or slow cell cycle when conditions are unfavorable (ex. DNA damage)

35
Q

Proto-oncogenes are:

A

Genes that stimulate cell division (stimulate cell cycle to continue)

36
Q

Proto-oncogenes are normally active:

A

Only when conditions for cell division are favorable

37
Q

In cancer cells, proto-oncogenes:

A

Stimulate growth at all times because a mutation has converted them to oncogenes

38
Q

True or False: For cancers to develop, only one mutation must occur within a single cell

A

False

39
Q

Transcription factor p53:

A

Is a tumor suppressor, promotes DNA repair and cell cycle arrest

40
Q

Will a DNA strand with more acetyl groups will be more or less condensed? Will this increase or decrease RNA transcription.

A

Less condensed, will increase RNA transcription

41
Q

Chromatin remodeling complexes are:

A

Proteins that either knock histones out of chromatin or can slide nucleosomes around to remodel the chromatin

42
Q

Gene expression regulation leads to _________ which leads to __________

A

Differential gene expression, cellular differentiation (or cellular specialization)

43
Q

Define cellular differentiation (AKA cellular specialization)

A

Differently functioning cells as a result of differential gene expression

44
Q

Define an Oncogene

A

A malfunctioning proto-oncogene that promotes cell division at all times instead of only in favorable conditions

45
Q

Histones are __ charged and DNA is __ charged

A

Positively, Negatively

46
Q

Gene expression regulation is the regulation of:

A

What specific genes are expressed

This causes differential gene expression and therefore cellular differentiation/specialization

47
Q

Histones are acetylated by ____ and deacetylated by ____

A

HATs (Histone acetyltransferases)

HDATs (Histone deacetylases)

48
Q

Methyl groups are attached when you see a __ and a __ next to each other in a DNA sequence

A

C, G

49
Q

Methyl groups are added to DNA sequences by _____

A

DNA methyl transferase

50
Q

More DNA Methylation means:

A

More compact DNA, less gene expression

51
Q

Unique features of info flow in eukaryotes

A
  • RNA Processing

- Histone acetylation

52
Q

Regulation at translation

A

Ribosomes don’t bind to each other

53
Q

Post-translational regulation

A

Activation and deactivation of proteins via phosphorylation or dephosphorylation

BIOL 160 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions