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BIOL 160 > Chapter 17: Transcription and Translation > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Transcription and Translation Flashcards

1
Q

DNA Replication occours during _______ (general, not cell cycle)

A

Cell division. DNA is copied to be transferred to daughter cells.

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2
Q

Expression of information encoded in DNA (__________) is part of _________ expression

A

Genes, genome expression

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3
Q

RNA is synthesized in the _______ direction

A

5’ to 3’

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4
Q

This enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA from DNA using the template strand

A

RNA polymerase

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5
Q

RNA Polymerase ________ require a primer to begin transcription, unlike DNA polymerase

A

Does not

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6
Q

RNA Polymerase synthesizes RNA in the _______ direction

A

5’ to 3’

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7
Q

Bacteria have ___ type(s) of RNA Polymerase, and eukaryotes have ___ type(s) of RNA Polymerase

A

1

3 (I, II, and III)

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8
Q

RNA has the nucleotide base ___ instead of ____

A

Uracil (U), Thymine (T)

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9
Q

____ is the first phase of transcription

A

Initiation

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10
Q

In prokaryotes, a _________ must bind to the DNA promoter, and RNA Polymerase
must bind to the _____ before beginning transcription

A

Sigma protein, Sigma protein

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11
Q

In prokaryotes, RNA Polymerase and Sigma protein bind to form a ________

A

Holoenzyme

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12
Q

In prokaryotes, the sigma protein of the Holoenzyme binds to ______ segments on DNA that help start transcription

A

Promoter

The promoter segments are where the holoenzyme will bind before reading the DNA template and transcribing

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13
Q

In Prokaryotes, __________ bind to promoters with slightly different DNA base sequences. This allows the organism to __________ in response to environmental changes.

A

different sigma proteins

activate certain genes

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14
Q

Which component of a holoenzyme makes initial contact with promoter segments

A

Sigma protein

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15
Q

Bacterial (prokaryote) promoter sequences are DNA sequences __________ of ___________

A

upstream, open reading frames

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16
Q

Sigma proteins act as a ________ factor for _______ in prokaryotes

A

regulatory, RNA polymerase

Sigma proteins guide RNA Polymerase to specific promoter sequences.

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17
Q

True or False: Most Bacteria only have 1 type of Sigma protein

A

False

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18
Q

Promoter sequences are _____ base pairs long

A

40-50

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19
Q

Bacterial promoters have 2 key regions: the ____ box and the ____ box

A

-10 box, -35 box

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20
Q

The -10 box is found _________ and consists of the sequence _ _ _ _ _ _

A

10 bases upstream from the transcription start site (+1 site)

TATAAT

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21
Q

The -35 box is found _________ and consists of the seuence _ _ _ _ _ _

A

35 bases upstream from the transcription start site (+1 site)

TTGACA

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22
Q

The +1 site is where __________

A

Transcription’s start site lies

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23
Q

True or False: all bacterial promoters have a -10 box and a -35 box, the rest of the promoter sequence varies

A

True

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24
Q

Name the 3 Phases of Transcription in Prokaryotes:

A

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

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25
Q

During the Initiation phase in prokaryotic transcription, these two steps happen.

A

Sigma protein binds to DNA promoter, RNA polymerase binds to Sigma to form holoenzyme.

Sigma protein guides holoenzyme to a promoter sequence.

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26
Q

The _____ dissociates from _____ once transcription in prokaryotes is complete.

A

sigma protein, the core enzyme (RNA Polymerase)

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27
Q

During the Elongation phase of transcription in bacteria (prokaryotes), these steps happen:

A

RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template in the 3’ to 5’ direction and synthesizes primary transcript in the 5’ to 3’ direction

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28
Q

During the termination phase of transcription in bacteria (prokaryotes), these steps happen:

A

Holoenzyme reads a stop codon, which causes it to produce hairpins instead of a monomer of primary transcript

Holoenzyme will then detach from the DNA template

The sigma protein will dissociate from the holoenzyme

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29
Q

Key differences between transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (4 bullets)

A
  • Eukaryotes have 3 types of RNA Polymerase
  • Eukaryotes have more diverse promoters, including TATA box at -30
  • Eukaryotes have Basal transcription factors instead of Sigma proteins
  • Occours in nucleus in eukaryotes, Cytoplasm in prokaryotes
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30
Q

Transcription occours in the _____ in eukaryotes and in the ______ in prokaryotes(bacteria)

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm

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31
Q

The protein-coding regions of eukaryotic genes are interrupted by non-coding regions. What are the coding regions called and what are the non-coding regions called.

A

Coding regions: Exons
Non-Coding regions: Introns

Exons are interrupted by introns

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32
Q

Context: Eukaryotic Genes

_____ are interrupted by ______

A

Exons are interrupted by introns.

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33
Q

The product of transcription in both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes is called ________

A

Primary transcript

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34
Q

True or False: Exons always translate into proteins

IGNORE THIS CARD

A

False! Exons always express mRNAs, but not necessarily proteins.

IGNORE THIS CARD

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35
Q

This process removes introns from pre-mRNA

A

RNA splicing

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36
Q

This protein binds to other proteins of this same type to form a spliceosome.

A

snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins)

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37
Q

Spliceosomes catalyze this reaction:

A

Splicing reaction, which removes introns from pre-mRNA

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38
Q

A ______ functions as the catalytic unit in the spliceosome.

A

Ribozyme

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39
Q

Describe the 4 steps for RNA splicing

A

1: snRNPs bind to start and end of an intron and do branch site within the intron
2: More snRNPs join to form a spliceosome
3: The intron is cut from the exon, the intron forms lasso shape at branch point
4: The spliced out intron is released, and the remaining exons in the pre-mRNA sequence are joined together

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40
Q

The splicing process allows different _______ and therefore _____ to be produced from a single gene

A

mRNAs, proteins

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41
Q

pre-mRNA transcripts are also processed by:

A

The addition of a 5’ cap and a poly(A) tail

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42
Q

The 5’ cap serves as a:

A

Recognition signal for translation machinery

Helps extend mRNA lifespan by protecting against degredation

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43
Q

poly(A) tail function:

A

Extends the life of an mRNA by protecting it from degredation

Serves as termination signal for transcription

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44
Q

Components of a mature mRNA from the 5’ to 3’ end

A

5’ end: [5’ cap, 5’ untranslated region (UTR), coding region, 3’ untranslated region (UTR), poly(A) tail.] : 3’ end

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45
Q

Difference of RNA Polymerase in eukaryotes vs. prokaryotes:

A

Eukaryotes have 3 types of RNA polymerase that produce a different class of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)

Prokaryotes have only 1 type of RNA polymerase

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46
Q

Difference of promoter structure in eukaryotes vs. prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes promoter structures are more variable and longer, and often include a TATA box about -30 from the +1 site

Prokaryotes typically contain a -35 box [TTGACA] and a -10 [TATAAT] box

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47
Q

Difference of proteins that associate with promoters in eukaryotes vs. prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes have many general transcription factors

Prokaryotes have different version of Sigma proteins that bind to different promoters

48
Q

Difference in RNA processing in eukaryotes vs. prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes have extensive RNA processing. Several steps occur to mature pre-mRNA before export to cytoplasm

  • 1: Enzyme catalyzed addition of 5’ cap
  • 2: Splicing (intron removal) by spliceosomes to produce mRNA
  • 3: Enzyme catalyzed addition of poly(A) tail to 3’ end on mRNA

Prokaryotes very rarely have RNA processing

49
Q

Difference in Translation in eukaryotes vs. prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes: Initiation and termination are more complex. Elongation is similar to bacteria

Prokaryotes: Initiation and termination are less complex. Elongation is similar to prokaryotes

50
Q

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are _____

A

Separated

Transcription and RNA processing occurs in the nucleus

Translation of mature mRNA occurs in the cytoplasm

51
Q

tRNAs are the link between ______ and _______

A

mRNAs and Amino Acids

52
Q

aminoacyl tRNA synthetases

A

This enzyme “charges” tRNA by catalyzing the addition of amino acids to tRNAs using ATP

53
Q

tRNA is covalently linked to its _________

A

corresponding amino acid

54
Q

A tRNA that is covalently linked to its corresponding amino acid is called a:

A

aminoacyl tRNA

55
Q

tRNA structure

A

3’ end binding site for amino acids

Anti-codon (base pair triplet) that pairs with codon on mRNA

56
Q

There are ____ amino acids with ___ codons and ___ types of tRNA

A

20 amino acids, 61 codons, 40 tRNA

57
Q

tRNA has a ______ shape

A

Cross with circles on ends

58
Q

Ribosomes contain _____ and ______

A

Proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

59
Q

Ribosomes can be separated into a _____ and a ______

A

Small subunit

Large subunit

60
Q

The small subunit of a ribosome has this function:

A

Holds the mRNA in place during translation

61
Q

The large subunit of a ribosome has this function:

A

Where peptide bonds form

62
Q

The active site of the ribosome is made entirely of _________

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

63
Q

A ribozyme is:

A

An enzyme that catalyzes peptide bond formation

Made of rRNA

64
Q

The three sites of a ribosome are:

A

A site (acceptor site)

P site (peptide site)

E site (exit site)

65
Q

Function of the ribosome A site

A

Accepts aminoacyl tRNA into ribosome for elongation process

66
Q

Function of the P site of a ribosome

A

Peptide bond is formed between polypeptide and the amino acid of aminoacyl tRNA

67
Q

The initiation of translation begins with a _ _ _ codon

A

AUG

68
Q

The AUG codon codes for:

A

Methionine

69
Q

In bacteria, the start codon is preceded by a:

A

Ribosome binding site (AKA Shine-Dalgarno sequence)

Complementary to a section of one rRNA in the small ribosomal subunit

70
Q

The interaction between the small subunit of the ribosome and the mRNA is mediated by:

A

Initiation factors

71
Q

Translation in bacteria is initiated by:

A

Modified Methionine, f-Met

72
Q

Elongation is:

A

The process where the polypeptide chain is grown and more amino acids are linked to it

73
Q

List the substeps of elongation

A
  1. Incoming aminoacyl tRNA (A site filled)
  2. Peptide bond formation (between 1st amino and 2nd amino)
  3. Translocation (A-site tRNA moved to P-site, P-site tRNA moved to E site)
  4. Process repeats over and over
74
Q

Termination phase of translation

A

Starts when A site encounters a stop codon

75
Q

A stop codon causes _______ to enter the site

A

a protein called release factor

76
Q

True or False: Release factors resemble tRNAs in size and shape but do not carry an amino acid

A

True

77
Q

Most proteins go through a series of processing steps called ___________.

A

Post-translational modification

78
Q

______________ speed up protein folding

A

Molecular chaperones

79
Q

Folding of a protein determines:

A

The protein’s shape and therefore its function

80
Q

Adding or removing a phosphate group from a protein has this effect:

A

Switching the protein from an inactive state to an active state or vice versa

Add phosphate = Activate
Remove phosphate = Deactivate

81
Q

Protein synthesis overview steps:

A
  1. Transcription (pre-mRNA)
  2. RNA processing (mature mRNA)
  3. Translation (mRNA -> protein)
  4. Post-translational modification (folding, activation, etc.)
82
Q

RNA Polymerase reads the DNA template from the ___ to ___ direction

A

3’ to 5’

This is so that it can print the primary transcript in the 5’ to 3’ direction

83
Q

Pre-mRNA is the product of ________ and has to go through ________ before maturing into mRNA

A

Transcription (for transcribed RNA that is destined to be mRNA)

RNA processing

84
Q

A poly(A) tail is:

A

A long series of Adenosine bases repeated over and over again (70-100 A bases)

85
Q

The 5’ cap on mRNA is made of:

A

Modified guanine

86
Q

True or False: Primary transcript goes through RNA processing in prokaryotes

A

False

87
Q

Downstream is in the ____ direction as RNA polymerase reads, and Upstream is in the _____ direction as RNA polymerase reads

A

Same, Opposite

Think of floating down a river, everything in front of you is downstream, and everything behind you is upstream.

88
Q

Primary transcript is:

A

The RNA transcript that is produced by RNA polymerase

Primary transcript can end up as mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA

89
Q

True or False: In prokaryotes, Ribosomes directly attach to primary transcript and begin translation as the primary transcript is being produced

A

True

90
Q

Primary transcript has to be _____ before maturing into mRNA

A

Processed

This is done by adding a 5’ cap and a poly(A) tail [added to 3’ end] to the primary transcript

91
Q

Molecular chaperones have this function:

A

Speed up and facilitate protein folding process

92
Q

Describe the differences between the template strand and the non-template (coding) strand

A

The template strand is the strand that the RNA polymerase is attached to and reading

The non-template(coding) strand is the DNA strand that will be matching (except for T/U) to the primary transcript (hence the name coding strand)

93
Q

Briefly describe the wobble hypothesis

A

Explains how there are 61 different codons but only 40 tRNA types

First two bases in a codon match, third one will be different. The two matching bonds on the anti-codon can make up for this and will still bond to the technically incorrect codon on the mRNA transcript, hence 40 tRNAs can work to translate 61 codons

94
Q

What is the function of the 5’ and 3’ UCRs (uncoded regions)

A
  • Stabilize the mRNA
  • Regulate translation
  • Essential to protein function (textbook doesn’t list how, just know that they are essential somehow)
95
Q

List the two main bacterial transcription promoters

A
  • 10 box [TATAAT]

- 35 box [TTGACA]

96
Q

List the two main RNA (primary transcript) processing steps in prokaryotes

A

Trick question! There is none (extremly rarely) any primary transcript processing in prokaryotes

97
Q

List the two main RNA (primary transcript) processing steps in Eukaryotes

A
  • Splicing

- 5’ cap and poly(A) tail addition

98
Q

Aminoacyl tRNA (AKA: charged tRNA/acyl tRNA) carries a(n) _____ to the ribosome for the elongation process

A

Amino acid

99
Q

tRNA bonds _______ to its corresponding amino acid

A

covalently

100
Q

Ribosomes translate from the ____ direction to the ___ direction

A

5’ to 3’

101
Q

Multiple ribosomes that are attached to the primary transcript produced by RNA polymerase in prokaryotes are referred to as:

A

Polyribosome

Numbered in order that they were attached

102
Q

Ribosomes are composed of:

A

rRNA and proteins

103
Q

List the 3 post-translational modifications made to proteins

A
  1. Proteolysis
  2. Glycosylation
  3. Phosphorylation
104
Q

Proteolysis is a post-translational processing modification process where:

A

The polypeptide is cut up into smaller polypeptides, which can either fold on their own to become unique proteins or can come together to form a single protein

105
Q

Glycosylation is a post-translational processing modification where:

A

Sugar groups are added to the polypeptide (ex. glucose, sucrose, fructose)

106
Q

Phosphorylation is a post-translational processing modification where:

A

Phosphate groups are added to the polypeptide

107
Q

The poly(A) tail is added onto an mRNA sequence at the end of ______ (process)

A

Transcription

The poly(A) tail is transcribed from a repeating series (70-100 repetitions or potentially more) of T bases in the template strand of DNA.

108
Q

The poly(A) tail signals to ____ transcription

A

Stop

The poly(A) tail acts as both protection for the mRNA AND as a signal to end transcription (in Eukaryotes only)

109
Q

The 5’ cap of mRNA signals to ________

A

Begin translation

The 5’ cap has the function of both protecting the mRNA AND signaling to the translation machinery (collection of things involved in transcription, ex. Ribosome) that the mRNA strand is ready to be translated

110
Q

The 5’ UTR and 3’ UTR have these functions:

A
  • Stabilize mRNA

- Regulate translation of the mRNA

111
Q

Hairpins produced after transcription in prokaryotes have this function:

A

Causes RNA to have the right base pair coding so that it will fold to create a hairpin shape

112
Q

Initiation factors of translation have what function:

A

Guide small subunit of ribosome to the mRNA sequence to be translated

113
Q

The large subunit of a ribosome binds to the small subunit when:

A

The small subunit encounters an AUG start codon

114
Q

f-Met (modified methionine) is used in ________ to ______

A

Prokaryotes, Initiate translation

115
Q

True or False: f-Met (modified methionine) is used in translation in eukaryotic cells

A

False

116
Q

Autosomes are:

A

Chromosomes that are not X or Y chromosomes

117
Q

Elongation factors are:

A

Factors that help the ribosome translocate

BIOL 160 (9 decks)

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