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BIOL 160 > Ch 12: Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Ch 12: Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Define a Chromosome

A

A single long double helix of DNA wrapped around histones

A structure containing genetic information in the form of genes

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2
Q

Define sister chromatids

A

Chromatid copies that remain attached at a centromere

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3
Q

True or False: 2 sister chromatids attached at a centromere are counted as one chromosome

A

True

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4
Q

Homologous chromosomes are:

A

Chromosomes that contain the code for the same genes but present with different alleles

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5
Q

The spindle apparatus is formed by:

A

Microtubules formed by MTOCs

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6
Q

A centrosome is formed by:

A

Two centrioles at 90 degree angles to eachother

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7
Q

MTOC stands for

A

Microtubule Organization Center

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8
Q

Centrosomes are this acronym

A

MTOCs

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9
Q

An = B

Describe what the A and B coefficient/quantity is

A

A = Ploidy of a cell. If A=2 that means there are 2 homologous chromosomes paired together (for example human cells

B = Total number of chromosomes in a cell (46 in humans)

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10
Q

Define a cell plate

A

In a plant cell, after telophase, a cell wall will be built to separate the daughter cells. This is a cell plate

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11
Q

Define a cleavage furrow

A

When actin tightens to squeeze the cell membrane of the parent cell to separate the parent cell into two daughter cells

“The butt thing”

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12
Q

List the steps of the M phase

A

PPMAT

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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13
Q

Define a tumor supressor

A

Slows or stops cell cycle if DNA is damaged

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14
Q

Define the function of p53

A

Slows or stops cell if DNA is damaged, and can trigger apoptosis if damage is too bad

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15
Q

Define apoptosis

A

Spontaneous cell death

pop

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16
Q

What happens during prophase

A
  • Centromeres begin to form spindle apparatus

- Chromosomes condense for transport

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17
Q

What happens prometaphase

A
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down

- Microtubules contact chromosomes at kinetochores

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18
Q

What happens during metaphase

A
  • Chromosomes migrate to the middle of a cell
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19
Q

What happens during anaphase

A
  • Sister chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes

- Daughter chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the spindle apparatus

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20
Q

What happens during telophase

A
  • Nuclear envelopes form around the 2 groups of daughter chromosomes
  • Chromosomes decondense
21
Q

Define proto-oncogene

A

A protein that promotes cell division when conditions are ideal to proceed (i.e. DNA is in-tact)

22
Q

The MPF dimer is made up of a ___ and a ___

A

Cyclin, Ckd (cyclin-dependent kinase)

23
Q

MPF stands for:

A

Mitosis-promoting factor

24
Q

The cyclin subunit of MPF functions as a _____________

A

regulatory protein

25
Q

Microtubules facilitate chromosome movement during anaphase using _______

A

Kinetochore proteins

26
Q

The G0 state describes:

A

A cell that is permanently stuck in the G1 phase

A cell that has had its cell cycle arrested

27
Q

Cell cycle length varies among cell types primarily due to:

A

A difference in the length of time that the G1 phase takes

28
Q

Rapidly dividing cells essentially eliminate this phase of the cell cycle

A

G1

29
Q

MPF functions to:

A

Induce mitosis in all eukaryotes

30
Q

Cdk functions to:

A

Catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to the target protein

TL;DR: Catalyzes phosphorylation

31
Q

In mitosis, chromosome count only doubles during _____

A

Anaphase and Telophase

32
Q

Acronym for remembering the phases of mitosis

A

PPMAT

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
33
Q

Meiosis produces _ daughter cells

A

4

34
Q

Ploidy refers to:

A

The number of sets of chromosomes

35
Q

This motor protein “walks” along microtubules to facilitate vesicle/organelle transport

A

Kinesin

36
Q

Cdk has an _____ and an _____

A

Active site, inactive

37
Q

Cdk functioning is dependent on ______

A

Cyclin binding to a Cdk

38
Q

Cancer involves a loss of _______

A

Cell cycle control

39
Q

Social control of the cell cycle in multicellular organisms refers to:

A

Cells being signaled to divide only when it is in the best interest of the whole multicellular organism

40
Q

The regulatory protein E2F triggers:

A

Genes required for DNA synthesis to be expressed

41
Q

When E2F is first produced, its function is blocked by the ______

A

Rb tumor suppressor

Extra Info: Rb stands for retinoblastoma, cancer of the retina [Lead to the discovery of Rb tumor suppressor]

42
Q

When E2F has an Rb bound to it E2F is ____

A

Deactivated

43
Q

As long as Rb is bound to E2F, the cell will remain in the __ phase

A

G1

44
Q

MPF permits a cell to pass from the G1 phase to the S phase by:

A

Phosphorylating Rb, which releases it from E2F

45
Q

The G1 checkpoint works by:

A

Cyclin bound to Cdk phosphorylating the Rb protein bound to E2F, thus activating E2F to prepare for the S phase

46
Q

After the G1 checkpoint is passed, Cyclin is ubiquitinated which means:

A

It is tagged for destruction so that the cell doesn’t keep preparing for the S phase beyond what is necessary

47
Q

Bacteria go through _____ instead of mitosis

A

Binary fission

48
Q

During binary fission, what happens?

A

DNA copies are pulled to opposite ends of the bacteria cell, and then the cell divides.

No need for any of the other steps in eukaryotes due to the nature of prokaryotes

BIOL 160 (9 decks)

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