Chapter 7 - Viral and protozoal Flashcards
By which mechanisms does FeLV cause skin disease?
Oncogenesis and cytosuppression
In FeLV associated giant cell dermatosis, on which anatomical site are lesions always found and what are the lesions?
Face and head +/- legs
Scaling, erosions, crusting
Which viral protein can be stained for on histopathology?
gp70
On histopathology, where do you see syncytial-type giant cells with FeLV?
In the epidermis and outer root sheath of hair follicles
Which virus most commonly causes poxvirus infections in cats?
Cowpox (Orthopoxvirus)
What are the reservoir hosts of cowpox virus?
Rodents - bank and field voles, wood mice
What is the primary skin lesion of cowpox?
Single, ulcerated nodule on the head/neck or forelimbs
Cats that hunt rodents Concurrent viraemia (pyrexia, lethargy, anorexia)
How long do cowpox skin lesions take to heal?
4-5 weeks
Which disinfectant is cowpox particularly susceptible to?
Hypochlorite solutions
What type of virus is canine distemper?
Paramyxovirus
Which diseases appear clinically similar to canine distemper virus?
Leishmania, necrolytic migratory erythema, generic dog food disease
What type of inclusion body, and in which cells, are seen with canine distemper virus?
Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in keratinocytes
Often numerous
What causes contagious viral pustular dermatitis?
Orf - parapoxvirus
Which type of virus is pseudorabies?
alpha-herpesvirus
Which species are the main reservior of infection for pseudorabies?
Pigs
What are the cutaneous signs of feline herpesvirus infection?
Superficial, multiple ulcers at any body site OR ulcerative and nectrosing facial dermatitis
Which finding on histopathology is unique to feline herpes virus infection?
Necrosis of epitrichal sweat glands.
Are papillomaviruses species specific?
Yes - in dogs and cats
Which layer of the epidermis do papillomaviruses infect?
The stratum basale but they need terminally differentiated keratinocytes for viral replication
A keratinocyte with an enlarged nucleus, irregular nuclear membrane, increased nuclear staining and perinuclear halo is called what?
A koliocyte
Which cells are important in the cell mediated immune response to canine oral papilloma virus?
CD4+
Which breeds of dog are predisposed to exophytic cutaneous papillomas?
Kerry Blues, Cocker spaniels
Which breeds of dog are predisposed to inverted cutaneous papillomas?
Beagles, Bernese Moutain dogs, Cocker spaniels, Great Danes, Irish setters, Kerry Blues, Whippets
What can canine pigmented viral plaques transform to?
Squamous cell carcinomas
What causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
Rickettsia rickettsii
How is Rocky Mountain spotted fever transmitted?
Ticks - Dermoscentor andersoni/variabilis
Which tick is the vector for Ehrlichia canis?
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Skin lesions occur in what % of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis?
80%
At which body sites are the lesions of exfoliate cutaneous leishmaniasis most pronounced?
Head, pinnae and extremities
Which histopathology stain aid identification of Leishmania amastigotes?
Giemsa
What changes can be seen on histopathology in papillomavirus infected keratinocytes in feline viral plaques?
Nuclear shrinkage
Perinuclear clearing (koilocytosis)
Increased quantities of blue-grey foamy cytoplasm
Which breeds of dog are reportedly predisposed to papillomavirus associated viral plaques?
Pugs and Min. Schnauzers
What changes can be seen on histopathology of canine papillomavirus associated viral plaques?
Papillary thickening of the epidermis
Hyperkeratosis
Hypermelanosis throughout the epidermis and superficial dermis
Large keratohyaline granules
Which are the oncogenic proteins of papillomavirus?
E5, E6 and E7
Pustular dermatitis at the site of a surgical wound following ovariectomy has been reported in 2 cats associated with which virus?
Calicivirus
What are the clinical (cutaneous and systemic) signs of FCV-associated virulent systemic disease?
- Subcutaneous oedema of the face and limbs and variable levels of ulceration of the skin, particularly on the pinnae, footpads, and nares
- Fever, anorexia, jaundice
Name two FeLV associated cutaneous syndromes
Cutaneous horn
FeLV-associated giant cell dermatosis
Which type of papillomavirus is responsible for feline sarcoids?
BPV-14
What type of virus is a papillomavirus?
Papillomaviruses are non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses.
What skin lesions have been reported in cats with FIP?
Papules/nodules
Pitting edema
Skin fragility
Which genus of sandflies are vectors for Leishmania?
Phlebotomus (Europe) and Lutzomyia
Which Leishmania species is reportedly most likely associated with visceral leishmaniasis in cats?
L. infantum (as in people)
What are the most common cutaneous clinical signs of leishmaniasis in cats?
- Nodules 72.7%
- Ulcers or crusts 36.4%
- Alopecia 9.1%
- Scaling 7.6%
The majority of animals showed only one dermatological sign (75.7%)
Which areas of the body are most commonly affected in cats with leishmaniasis?
Head 90.9% (nose 60.6%, ears 42.4% and eyelids 16.7% most commonly)
Legs 30.3%
In leishmaniasis, which toll-like receptor induces production of reactive oxygen species and reduces parasite growth when it binds parasite ligands?
TLR-4
What are the most common clinical signs of leishmaniasis in ferrets?
Enlargement of peripheral lymph nodes and skin lesions such as papular and/or ulcerative dermatitis
Domperidone is a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist that can potentiate the immune response through modulating the effect of what?
Prolactin
When treating leishmaniasis, increasing the production of prolactin induces a boost of T CD4+ lymphocytes, in addition to the release of cytokines such as?
IL-2 and IL-12, IFN-γ and TNF-α
Producing an activation of NK cells and macrophages, followed by a decrease of CD4+ Th2 cytokines and TNF-β.
Which canine papillomavirus is most commonly associated with pigmented viral plaques?
CPV4
Has diarrhoea been reported as the only clinical manifestation of leishmaniasis in cats?
Yes - very rarely
A canine papilloma virus-like particle vaccine is made using which part of the papilloma virus?
L1
What are the six syndromes of canine papillomavirus infection?
- Oral papillomas
- Venereal papillomas
- Exophytic cutaneous papillomas
- Cutaneous inverted papillomas
- Footpad papillomas
- Pigmented viral plaques
Cutaneous horn also reported with CPV-1!
Gould et al. (2021); what was the median age of onset of canine footpad papillomas?
4 years
Gould et al. (2021); were canine footpad papillomas most common on haired skin of the digits or footpads?
Haired skin
Gould et al. (2021); most canine footpad papillomas resolved how many weeks after biopsy?
3 weeks
What are these lesions?
Inverted papilloma (raised erythematous nodules with a central keratinised core)
How do papilloma viruses invade skin and cause disease?
- Microtrauma allows the PV to gain access to the basal cells.
- Expression of E1 and E2 genes allows the virus to make a small number of copies of itself which then infect surrounding basal cells - persistent infection.
- Replication is only possible when a basal cell terminally differentiates
- Suprabasally, the expression of the E6 and E7 proteins interferes with cell regulation by preventing the terminally differentiation ensuring the nucleus is retained, and forcing the epithelial cells to divide and make copies of the PV
- As the infected cells near the surface of the epithelium, the L1 and L2 proteins are expressed allowing the virion to be assembled.
- Cells slough and degenerate releasing the viral particles into the environment
Most oral papillomas in dogs will spontaneous resolve in __ months
3
IHC detects which papilloma virus antigen?
L1 (capsid protein)
Can also be used to detect increased p16 protein
Which feline papilloma virus is found in the oral cavity and what lesions does it cause?
FcaPV 1
Appear to be restricted to the ventral surface of the tongue - clusters of exophytic lesions
Which feline papilloma virus is most common?
FcaPV 2 - majority are asymptomatic (most common PV in BISC)
What are the histopathological findings with FcaPV 2 infection?
- Expansion of the cytoplasm with either non-staining material or with wispy, granular or amorphous blue-grey material
- Unlike FcaPV types 1 and 3, FcaPV2 does not result in the development of any intracytoplasmic bodies.
- Koliocytes
Which breeds of cats are predisposed to BISC?
Sphynx and Devon Rex
What are the histopath findings in BISC?
- Mild to moderate epidermal hyperplasia within the deeper layers of the epidermis
- No marked expansion of the stratum spinosum as in a viral papilloma
- Cells within the epidermis become disorganised and progress to intraepithelial neoplasia (do not breach BM)
Which protein is increased in papilloma-induced neoplasias?
Increased p16 due to the consistent PV-induced degradation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb)
Are feline oral SCC PV induced?
No - no evidence to support an association