Chapter 6 - Parasites Flashcards
Why do macrocyclic lactones not affect mammals when they potentiate GABA?
They do not cross the blood brain barrier in adults. GABA is limited to the CNS in mammals but is a peripheral neurotransmitter in parasites.
Which species of parasite causes hookworm dermatitis?
Ancylostoma brazilense or caninum
Uncinaria stenocephala
Are Ixodid ticks soft or hard shelled?
Hard
Are Argasid ticks soft or hard shelled?
Soft
Which life cycle stage of Neotrombicula autumnalis feeds on mammals?
Larvae
Vacuum or flea-combing is diagnostic for Cheyletiella in what % of dogs?
85%
Vacuum or flea-combing is diagnostic for Cheyletiella in what % of cats?
42%
How long do adult female Cheyletiella mites survive off host?
Up to 10 days
With immunocompetance theories associated with demodicosis, what happens to Th1 and Th2 responses?
Th1 decreases and Th2 increases
What is the most common anatomical site for localised demodicosis?
Face (periocular) and commissures of the mouth
Which breed is predisposed to a nodular form of generalised demodicosis?
English Bulldog
Which Demodex mite causes a seborrheic presentation and which breeds are predisposed?
Injai; Terriers (WHWT and Shih Tzu)
When should you consider skin biopsy to diagnose demodicosis?
In fibrotic lesions and Shar-Peis
How often should skin scrapes be performed when treating generalised demodicosis?
Every 2-4 weeks
With generalised demodicosis, is clinical or parasitological cure first apparent?
Clinical cure
How long is Amitraz retained in the skin for after application?
Two weeks
When do most relapses of generalised demodicosis occur?
Within the first 3 months of stopping treatment
Generalised demodicosis may be more common in which breeds of cat?
Siamese and Burmese
Which part of the skin do Demodex gatoi inhabit?
Stratum corneum
Trunk and ventral abdomen in particular
What size are adult Sarcoptes scabiei mites?
200-400 um
The face and pinnae are involved in what % of dogs with sarcoptic mange?
70%
What are the signs of Sarcoptes scabiei infestation in cats?
Pruritic pinnal and facial crusted papular dermatitis; crusted pododermatitis; generalised crust and/or scale and pruritus; self-induced hair loss
How long does seroconversion take after innoculation with Sarcoptes scabiei?
Up to five weeks
With sarcoptic mange, do you need to treat in-contacts and the environment?
Yes, you can get asymptomatic carriers and mites can survive off host for up to 21 days
At which body site do lesions start at with Notoedres cati infestation?
Medioproximal edge of the pinnae
Are operculated, large, firmly cemented eggs louse or Cheyletiella eggs?
Louse
Which species of Anoplura (blood sucking) lice is found on dogs?
Linognathus setosus
Which species of mallophage (chewing lice) are found on dogs?
Trichodectes canis, Heterodoxus spiniger, Phthirus pubis
Which species of louse is found on cats?
Felicola subrostratus
No sucking lice found on cats!
How long can adult fleas live for on host?
> 100 days
Do Calliphorid flies feed on dead or living tissue?
Dead tissue - blowflies
What is a pathognomonic histopathological finding with Straelensia cynotis infestation?
Pseudoepitheliomatous follicular hyperplasia and abudant perifollicular mucinosis
Neovascularisation occurs due to lesion resolution
Immunopathogenesis of demodicosis
Which cytokines are increased?
IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-18, IL-10 and TGF-beta
Immunopathogenesis of demodicosis
Which cytokines are decreased?
TNF-alpha
Immunopathogenesis of demodicosis
Which type of T cells are decreased, CD4 or CD8?
CD4+ T cells are decreased
Name an ectoparasiticide that acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors?
Spinosad Neonicotinoids Imidacloprid Spinetoram Dinotefuran
Name an ectoparasiticide that acts on GABA?
Isoxazolines
Fipronil
Spinetoram
Name an ectoparasiticide that acts on sodium channels?
Metaflumizone
Pyrethrins
Pyrethroids
Rotenone
Serology for sarcoptic mange measures levels of which Ig?
IgG
Which Demodex species affect cats?
D. cati and D. gatoi
D. gatoi in cats typically causes what clinical signs?
Truncal pruritus
How many Demodex mites are clinically relevant on diagnostic sampling?
> 1
How long should treatment for generalised demodicosis be continued for?
4 weeks past the second negative scrape
What are the treatment options for demodicosis in cats?
- weekly 2% lime sulfur dips
- 0.0125% amitraz weekly
- weekly moxidectin/imidacloprid
- isoxazolines
What is the likely pathogenesis of demodicosis?
- T cell exhaustion
- low numbers of CD4+ cells
- increased IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-18, IL-10 and TGF-beta
- decreased TNF-alpha (pro-inflammatory cytokine)
- decreased CD4:CD8 ratio and increased CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
- MHC II upregulated (particularly in keratinocytes)
What are the histopath findings with demodicosis?
Mural folliculitis with infiltrating CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
What does CD28 do?
Co-stimulatory molecule involved in T cell activation
What does STAT6 do?
Essential for a pathway that plays a role in IL-4 signal transduction and Th2 differentiation
Which diseases have been associated with demodicosis in cats?
FIV, xanthoma, diabetes mellitus
BISC
Which breeds of dog are predisposed to juvenile onset demodicosis?
WCVD: American SBT, SBT, Chinese shar-pei, French Bulldog, English bulldog, pit bull, Sealyham terrier
O’Neill (2020): British bulldog, Staffordshire bull terrier, Chinese shar-pei, dogue de Bordeaux, pug, French bulldog and boxer
Is D. cornei now believed to be a morphological variant of D. canis?
Yes
In demodicosis, do clinical signs develop after mite proliferation has occured?
Yes - signs depend on the degree of mite proliferation initially
Pruritus is more common in which forms of canine demodicosis?
Short bodied form cf. D.canis
With secondary bacterial infection
What % of dogs can have idiopathic demodicosis?
~30%
What follow up time is recommended before calling a dog cured of demodicosis?
12 months
Which drug used to treat demodicosis is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, alpha-2-adrenergic agonist and inhibits prostaglandin synthesis?
Amitraz
What can be used to antagonise severe adverse reactions or intoxications to amitraz?
Yohimbine
Atipamezole
Why should spinosad not be given with ivermectin?
It is a potent inhibitor of P-gp (P-glycoprotein, an ATP dependent transmembrane transporter protein) - impacts ivermectin pharmacokinetics and can lead to toxicosis.
What doses of ivermectin are recommended for demodicosis?
0.3-0.6 mg/kg/d
What doses of moxidectin are recommended for demodicosis?
0.3-0.5 mg/kg/d
What doses of doramectin are recommended for demodicosis?
0.6 mg/kg/week SC
What doses of milbemycin are recommended for demodicosis?
1-2 mg/kg/day
Should fluralaner be given with food?
Yes - it increases absorption