Chapter 6 - Parasites Flashcards
1
Q
Why do macrocyclic lactones not affect mammals when they potentiate GABA?
A
They do not cross the blood brain barrier in adults. GABA is limited to the CNS in mammals but is a peripheral neurotransmitter in parasites.
2
Q
Which species of parasite causes hookworm dermatitis?
A
Ancylostoma brazilense or caninum
Uncinaria stenocephala
3
Q
Are Ixodid ticks soft or hard shelled?
A
Hard
4
Q
Are Argasid ticks soft or hard shelled?
A
Soft
5
Q
Which life cycle stage of Neotrombicula autumnalis feeds on mammals?
A
Larvae
6
Q
Vacuum or flea-combing is diagnostic for Cheyletiella in what % of dogs?
A
85%
7
Q
Vacuum or flea-combing is diagnostic for Cheyletiella in what % of cats?
A
42%
8
Q
How long do adult female Cheyletiella mites survive off host?
A
Up to 10 days
9
Q
With immunocompetance theories associated with demodicosis, what happens to Th1 and Th2 responses?
A
Th1 decreases and Th2 increases
10
Q
What is the most common anatomical site for localised demodicosis?
A
Face (periocular) and commissures of the mouth
11
Q
Which breed is predisposed to a nodular form of generalised demodicosis?
A
English Bulldog
12
Q
Which Demodex mite causes a seborrheic presentation and which breeds are predisposed?
A
Injai; Terriers (WHWT and Shih Tzu)
13
Q
When should you consider skin biopsy to diagnose demodicosis?
A
In fibrotic lesions and Shar-Peis
14
Q
How often should skin scrapes be performed when treating generalised demodicosis?
A
Every 2-4 weeks
15
Q
With generalised demodicosis, is clinical or parasitological cure first apparent?
A
Clinical cure
16
Q
How long is Amitraz retained in the skin for after application?
A
Two weeks
17
Q
When do most relapses of generalised demodicosis occur?
A
Within the first 3 months of stopping treatment
18
Q
Generalised demodicosis may be more common in which breeds of cat?
A
Siamese and Burmese
19
Q
Which part of the skin do Demodex gatoi inhabit?
A
Stratum corneum
Trunk and ventral abdomen in particular
20
Q
What size are adult Sarcoptes scabiei mites?
A
200-400 um
21
Q
The face and pinnae are involved in what % of dogs with sarcoptic mange?
A
70%
22
Q
What are the signs of Sarcoptes scabiei infestation in cats?
A
Pruritic pinnal and facial crusted papular dermatitis; crusted pododermatitis; generalised crust and/or scale and pruritus; self-induced hair loss
23
Q
How long does seroconversion take after innoculation with Sarcoptes scabiei?
A
Up to five weeks
24
Q
With sarcoptic mange, do you need to treat in-contacts and the environment?
A
Yes, you can get asymptomatic carriers and mites can survive off host for up to 21 days
25
At which body site do lesions start at with Notoedres cati infestation?
Medioproximal edge of the pinnae
26
Are operculated, large, firmly cemented eggs louse or Cheyletiella eggs?
Louse
27
Which species of Anoplura (blood sucking) lice is found on dogs?
Linognathus setosus
28
Which species of mallophage (chewing lice) are found on dogs?
Trichodectes canis, Heterodoxus spiniger, Phthirus pubis
29
Which species of louse is found on cats?
Felicola subrostratus
No sucking lice found on cats!
30
How long can adult fleas live for on host?
>100 days
31
Do Calliphorid flies feed on dead or living tissue?
Dead tissue - blowflies
32
What is a pathognomonic histopathological finding with Straelensia cynotis infestation?
Pseudoepitheliomatous follicular hyperplasia and abudant perifollicular mucinosis
Neovascularisation occurs due to lesion resolution
33
Immunopathogenesis of demodicosis
Which cytokines are increased?
IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-18, IL-10 and TGF-beta
34
Immunopathogenesis of demodicosis
Which cytokines are decreased?
TNF-alpha
35
Immunopathogenesis of demodicosis
Which type of T cells are decreased, CD4 or CD8?
CD4+ T cells are decreased
36
Name an ectoparasiticide that acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors?
```
Spinosad
Neonicotinoids
Imidacloprid
Spinetoram
Dinotefuran
```
37
Name an ectoparasiticide that acts on GABA?
Isoxazolines
Fipronil
Spinetoram
38
Name an ectoparasiticide that acts on sodium channels?
Metaflumizone
Pyrethrins
Pyrethroids
Rotenone
39
Serology for sarcoptic mange measures levels of which Ig?
IgG
40
Which Demodex species affect cats?
D. cati and D. gatoi
41
D. gatoi in cats typically causes what clinical signs?
Truncal pruritus
42
How many Demodex mites are clinically relevant on diagnostic sampling?
>1
43
How long should treatment for generalised demodicosis be continued for?
4 weeks past the second negative scrape
44
What are the treatment options for demodicosis in cats?
- weekly 2% lime sulfur dips
- 0.0125% amitraz weekly
- weekly moxidectin/imidacloprid
- isoxazolines
45
What is the likely pathogenesis of demodicosis?
- T cell exhaustion
- low numbers of CD4+ cells
- increased IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-18, IL-10 and TGF-beta
- decreased TNF-alpha (pro-inflammatory cytokine)
- decreased CD4:CD8 ratio and increased CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
- MHC II upregulated (particularly in keratinocytes)
46
What are the histopath findings with demodicosis?
Mural folliculitis with infiltrating CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
47
What does CD28 do?
Co-stimulatory molecule involved in T cell activation
48
What does STAT6 do?
Essential for a pathway that plays a role in IL-4 signal transduction and Th2 differentiation
49
Which diseases have been associated with demodicosis in cats?
FIV, xanthoma, diabetes mellitus
| BISC
50
Which breeds of dog are predisposed to juvenile onset demodicosis?
WCVD: American SBT, SBT, Chinese shar-pei, French Bulldog, English bulldog, pit bull, Sealyham terrier
O'Neill (2020): British bulldog, Staffordshire bull terrier, Chinese shar-pei, dogue de Bordeaux, pug, French bulldog and boxer
51
Is D. cornei now believed to be a morphological variant of D. canis?
Yes
52
In demodicosis, do clinical signs develop after mite proliferation has occured?
Yes - signs depend on the degree of mite proliferation initially
53
Pruritus is more common in which forms of canine demodicosis?
Short bodied form cf. D.canis
| With secondary bacterial infection
54
What % of dogs can have idiopathic demodicosis?
~30%
55
What follow up time is recommended before calling a dog cured of demodicosis?
12 months
56
Which drug used to treat demodicosis is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, alpha-2-adrenergic agonist and inhibits prostaglandin synthesis?
Amitraz
57
What can be used to antagonise severe adverse reactions or intoxications to amitraz?
Yohimbine
| Atipamezole
58
Why should spinosad not be given with ivermectin?
It is a potent inhibitor of P-gp (P-glycoprotein, an ATP dependent transmembrane transporter protein) - impacts ivermectin pharmacokinetics and can lead to toxicosis.
59
What doses of ivermectin are recommended for demodicosis?
0.3-0.6 mg/kg/d
60
What doses of moxidectin are recommended for demodicosis?
0.3-0.5 mg/kg/d
61
What doses of doramectin are recommended for demodicosis?
0.6 mg/kg/week SC
62
What doses of milbemycin are recommended for demodicosis?
1-2 mg/kg/day
63
Should fluralaner be given with food?
Yes - it increases absorption
64
What is this parasite found on a cat? It can cause 'salt and pepper' or rust coloured hairs
Lynxacarus radovskyi
Non-follicular fur mite that clings to hair shafts
65
Ketzis et al. (2016) found which method most effective to find Lynxacarus radovskyi mites in cats?
Tape strips > hair plucks
66
In the paper by Combarros et al. (2019), which sampling technique was most sensitive for diagnosis of Otodectes cynotis infestation?
The curette technique had a significantly higher sensitivity than classic ear-swabbing or otoscopy alone
Otoscopy and curette = 100% sensitivity
Otoscopy and swabbing = 86% sensitivity
67
In the paper by Combarros et al. (2019), what were the sensitivities of otoscopy, ear swabbing and curette to diagnose Otodectes cynotis infestation?
Otoscopy alone 67%
Curette sampling 93%
Swabbing 57%
Parasite count in the curette samples was significantly higher than the swab samples
68
What % of OE cases in cats are associated with Otodectes?
50-80%
69
Yang and Huang (2016) found the most evidence for which treatment options for Otodectes in cats?
Spot-on 10% imidacloprid+1% moxidectin or selamectin, once or twice 30 days apart
70
True or false; chronic otitis and ceruminous gland hyperplasia secondary to ear mite infestation can be predisposing factors for the development of ceruminous gland tumours in dogs, cats and foxes
True
71
How long can Otodectes mites survive off host?
12 days
Main route of transmission is direct contact!
72
Has Otodectes been reported in wild carnivores (e.g. foxes, wolves) and ferrets?
Yes
73
Is fluralaner an effective treatment for Otodectes in cats?
Yes - 100% efficacy can be achieved at 7-14 days
74
Is fluralaner an effective treatment for Otodectes in dogs?
Yes - 99.8% efficacy can be achieved with oral/topical treatment by 28 days
75
What is the reported efficacy of esafoxolaner for treatment of Otodectes in cats?
97% in 30 days (field study)
76
Is oral sarolaner an effective treatment for Otodectes in dogs?
Yes - Becskei et al. (2018) showed 76.4%, 90.5% and 93.3 and 14, 30 and 60 days with oral treatment
77
Is sarolaner an effective treatment for Otodectes in cats?
Yes - 100% efficacy in 48 hrs (oral - based on video-otoscopy counts) and 28 days (otic lavage)
Becskei et al. (2017) showed 99% efficacy at 30 days when combined with selamectin (topical - otic lavage)
78
Is oral afoxolaner an effective treatment for Otodectes in dogs?
Yes - 100% efficacy by day 42
79
Has Norweigan/crusted scabies been reported in dogs in association with leishmaniasis?
Yes - generalized, multifocal to diffuse and nonpruritic dermatitis that was characterized by severe crusting, scaling, and ulceration. Likely secondary to immunosuppression due to leishmaniasis and malnutrition.
80
In the paper by Dinler et al. (2022); what effect did sarcoptic mange and pyoderma have on acute phase protein levels?
Serum amyloid-A concentrations are related to the severity of sarcoptic mange
Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were higher in dogs with concurrent pyoderma (they are even higher in PF!)
81
Can Sarcoptes mites be visualised on dermoscopy?
Yes
82
Is zoonotic scabies in people as severe as sarcoptic mange in animals?
It is typically considered a self-limiting disease with a short incubation period and transient clinical skin signs
83
True or false; Beauveria bassiana (fungus) has been shown to inhibit hatching of Sarcoptes eggs
True
Used to manage agricultural pests including insects
84
What are the three forms of scabies in people?
Ordinary, crusted, and bullous
Bullous form mimic bullous pemphigoid but with a negative Nikolsky’s sign
85
Moog et al. (2021); what effect did lotilaner have when treating sarcoptic mange in dogs?
- 14 days: pruritus ceased, cutaneous score reduced by 47%, and skin scrapings were negative for 5/8 dogs
- 30 days: All skin scrapings were negative
- 60 days: Lesions were absent
86
PCR of dogs with severe sarcoptic mange is most sensitive on biopsied tissue or skin scrapings?
Skin biopsy: 89%
| Skin scrapings: 69%
87
Has oclacitinib been shown to effectively manage pruritus associated with sarcoptic mange in dogs?
Yes
88
How effective is fluralaner at treating sarcoptic mange in dogs?
- 95% of dogs were negative for mites by day 28, 100% by day 56 (Chiummo et al., 2020)
- 100% by day 14 (Romero et al., 2016)
- 100% by day 28 (Taenzler et al, 2016)
89
Does the addition of moxidectin to afoxolaner improve acaracidal efficacy?
No - both very effective at reducing mite counts (and clinical signs)
One month: 98.9% afoxolaner; 99.6% with moxidectin
Two months: 99.7% for afoxolaner; and 100% with moxidectin
90
In the study by He et al. (2018), which recombinant Sarcoptes allergen was suggested to contribute to host invasion and induce an allergic response?
Recombinant S. scabiei triosephosphate isomerase (rSs-TIM)
91
In the study by Fraser et al. (2018); was PCR of skin swabs as sensitive as PCR of skin scrapings to diagnose sarcoptic mange?
No - PCR of skin scrapings was the most sensitive
92
What is the typical lifecycle of astigmatid mites e.g. Sarcoptes?
Egg, larva, protonymph, tritonymph and adult.
93
What do scabies mites feed on?
Serum/intercellular fluid (that seeps into the burrows they create deep in the stratum corneum)
94
How effective is sarolaner at treating sarcoptic mange in dogs?
- 92% of dogs were negative for mites by day 28 100% by day 56 (Chiummo et al., 2020)
- 88.7% mite free at 30 days and 100% at 60 days (Becskei et al., 2016)
95
What is the specificity and sensitivity of the pinnal-pedal reflex in dogs with sarcoptic mange?
Specificity = 93.8%
Sensitivity = 81.8%
Positive predictive value = 0.57
Negative predictive value = 0.98
96
What are the risk factors associated with canine sarcoptic mange?
Young age
| Contact with other animals
97
What is the reported sensitivity and specificity of IgG ELISA testing for diagnosing canine sarcoptic mange?
```
Sensitivity = 84%
Specificity = 90%
```
98
Has fipronil been tested for oral use in dogs?
Yes - provided 99-100% efficacy against fleas, and 95-98% against ticks
99
In the survey by Lavan et al. (2021), what was the main owner perceived benefit of fluralaner treatment in cats?
The most frequently reported benefit of using fluralaner was the 12-week dosing interval (convenient)
A further study found that owners purchased on average 4.2 months of fluralaner compared to 2.8-3.6 months of monthly treatments per year
100
How effective is esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel against adult cat flea Ctenocephalides felis and flea egg production in cats?
- Curative efficacy of 92-100% after 24 hours
- Preventive weekly efficacy, 24 h after weekly infestations, was at least 95.5% for one month
- Egg production and larval hatching was significantly reduced for at least one month.
101
How effective is lotilaner when used to treat fleas in cats?
- 100% efficacy on days 1, 7 and 99.8-9% on days 14, 21 and 30
- Significant reduced egg count
- One episode of regurgitation 1 hour after oral administration (1/10 treated cats)
102
What is the efficacy of sarolaner and selamectin spot-on to treat fleas in cats?
98-100%
Vatta et al. (2019) showed equivalent efficacy to fluralaner
Three monthly treatments proven to be effective at reducing clinical signs of FBH
103
In the 2020 survey by Cooper et al., what % of dogs and cats in the UK had fleas? How did this compare to Bond et al. (2007)?
Dogs: 14% Cooper, 7% Bond
Cats: 28% Cooper, 21% Bond
104
In the study by Cruz et al. (2020), did regular bathing reduce the efficacy of fipronil + (S)-methoprene spot-on in dogs?
Yes - for fleas and ticks (shorter duration of action)
105
In the study by Abdullah et al. (2020), what % of fleas in the UK were PCR positive for Rickettsia species?
5.7%
106
In the study by Abdullah et al. (2020), what % of fleas carried infectious agents?
14%
11.3% - Bartonella spp
3% - Dipylidium caninum
0.01% - Mycoplasma spp
107
In the study by Tyler et al. (2018), what was associated with the presence of fleas in cats?
- Use of non-prescription flea treatment
| - Presence of skin disease
108
What is the reported efficacy of topical fluralaner to treat fleas in cats?
99.7-100%
Can reduce SCORFAD (by 9% day 28, 79% day 56 and 87% day 84) and PVAS scores (by 6% day 15, 67% day 28, 82% day 56 and 92% day 84) in cats with FBH
109
What is the reported efficacy of topical afoxolaner to treat fleas in cats?
98-100% over 42 days
110
In the study by Dryden et al. (2018), was fluralaner more effective than selamectin to treat flea infestations in cats?
Yes
- Fluralaner reduced flea populations on cats by 96.6% within 7 days and by 100% at12 weeks post-treatment
- Selamectin reduced fleas by 79.4% within 7 days and by 91.3% at 12 weeks (3 consecutive monthly treatments)
111
What was the speed of kill for the combination of dinotefuran and fipronil to treat fleas in cats?
3 hours (synergistic activity)
112
C. felis represents up to 99% of fleas found on cats, what other fleas have been reported?
C. canis
Archaeopsylla erinacei
Pulex irritans (human flea)
Spilopsyllus cuniculi (rabbit flea)
113
C. felis represents 81-93% of fleas found on dogs, what other fleas have been reported?
C. canis
Archaeopsylla erinacei
Pulex irritans (human flea)
Ceratophyllus (Nosophyllus) fasciatus (northern rat flea)
Echidnophaga gallinacea (stick-tight flea)
114
What is the efficacy of spinosad to treat fleas in cats?
90% efficacy from 2h post-dosing and 100% knockdown at 24h (effective 30 mins after dosing)
115
In the study by Cadiergues et al. (2014), which test was more sensitive to detect flea faeces, wet blotting paper technique or microscopy of coat brushings?
Wet blotting paper technique
116
In the study by Bruet et al. (2012), which areas were associated with pruritus caused by flea infestation?
Ventral abdomen, medial surface of thigh, radius, carpus, tibia and tarsus
117
How long after feeding do fleas lay eggs?
24-36 hours
97% of fleas feed within the first hour of being on the host
118
With Notoedres infestation, are mites numerous or sparse as with Sarcoptes?
Numerous and easy to find
119
Can Notoedres be found on tape strips?
Yes - comparable to skin scraping when skin is squeezed
120
How do you differentiate Notoedres from Sarcoptes?
Notoedres mites are smaller (150-225 um) than Sarcoptes (200-400 um), have ‘thumb print’-like dorsal striations, shorter limb stalks and a dorsal anus compared with the terminal anus, dorsal pegs and spines seen on Sarcoptes species
121
Which treatments are effective for Notoedric mange in cats?
1. Eprinomectin, fipronil, (S)-methoprene and praziquantel
2. Moxidectin and imidacloprid
3. Selamectin spot-on (6–12 mg/kg applied twice at 14 or 30 days’ interval)
4. Ivermectin (0.2–0.3 mg/kg subcutaneously at 14 days’ interval)
5. Doramectin (0.2–0.3 mg/kg subcutaneously once)
6. Esafoxolaner, eprinomectinand praziquantel (Nexgard Combo)
122
Is this Notoedres or Sarcoptes?
Notoedres - concentric striations and presence of dorsal anus
123
Has Notoedres been reported to cause disease in dogs?
Yes - very rarely
124
Is lotilaner an effective treatment for FBH in cats?
Yes - more efficacious than fipronil +S-methoprene and was associated with greater reduction in FAD signs
125
What is the speed of kill of lotilaner?
Day of treatment: 89.9% at 4 h, 99.2% at 6 h
126
What are the preferential hosts for:
Cheyletiella blakei
Cheyletiella yasguri
Cheyletiella parasitivorax
Cheyletiella blakei - cat
Cheyletiella yasguri - dog
Cheyletiella parasitivorax - rabbit
127
What size are Cheyletiella mites?
300-500 um
128
How do you differentiate Cheyletiella eggs from louse eggs?
Cheyletiella eggs are 235–245 μm long and 115–135 μm wide and elliptical and, unlike lice eggs, are non-operculated and loosely attached to hair shafts by thin filaments
129
How long is the life cycle of Cheyletiella? Does some occur off host?
14-21 days
| On host life cycle
130
In cheyletiellosis, is pruritus proportional to the number of mites?
No - possible hypersensitivity in some animals
131
Is this a Cheyletiella or louse egg?
Cheyletiella
Not operculated
132
Are Cheyletiella phoretic (they travel on another parasite)?
Yes - on fleas
133
Which treatments are reportedly effective for treating Cheyletiella in cats, dogs and rabbits?
1. Weekly lime sulphur dips
2. Fipronil spray (not in rabbits)
3. Selenium sulphide shampoo once a week for three weeks
Most spot-on products are also effective, except for imidacloprid.
4. Ivermectin (Xeno, Dechra) for rabbits
5. Selamectin
6. Fipronil (dogs and cats only)
7. Moxidectin
8. Isoxazolines and milbemycin are likely to be effective
134
Should you treat all in-contact animals for Cheyletiella?
Yes - highly contagious and variable levels of clinical signs
135
Name the parasite from a cat
Neotrombicula autumnalis
136
In the study by Leone et al. (2013), how many cats with trombiculid mites were pruritic and which body sites were most often affected?
43% were pruritic, 57% asymptomatic
Multiple sites affected in 68% of cases; the most frequently affected area was the ear in 80.5%
137
Which ectoparasiticides may be effective at treating trombiculosis?
1. Fipronil spray
2. Selamectin
3. Imidacloprid-moxidectin spot-on
All have been successfully used with a single application and seem to protect against environmental re-infestations.
138
Is there evidence to support efficacy of fluralaner and sarolaner to treat demodicosis in cats
Yes - reports with D. cati and D. gatoi
| Both generalised and otodemodicosis
139
When do you see clinical and parasitological cure using fluralaner to treat demodicosis in dogs?
Three months
140
Has a validated scoring system for canine demodicosis been developed?
Yes - showed high interobserver reliability and good sensitivity to change (Dengler et al., 2021)
The scoring system included 36 body areas; at each site, scores were assigned to quantify erythema, comedones / papules / pustules, follicular casts / scales / crusts, and alopecia. Lesions were rated from none (0), to mild (1–2), moderate (3–4) and severe (5–6) and summed to provide an overall score
141
In canine generalised demodicosis, how is TLR expression altered?
TLR 2 increased and TLR 4 and 6 decreased in both the skin and circulating WBCs
142
Which diseases have been reportedly associated with adult onset demodicosis?
Hyperglucocorticoidism
Hypothyroidism
Leishmaniosis.
Neoplastic diseases were not significantly more common in dogs with demodicosis than in the total population
143
Did treatment with fluralaner (single dose) or afoxolaner (monthly doses for 60 days) affect the cutaneous Demodex populations of healthy dogs (10/treatment type) over a 90-day study period as assessed by real-time PCR assay for DNA of the parasite?
No
144
Name the louse from a cat
Felicola subrostratus
145
Which treatments are reportedly effective to treat pediculosis in dogs?
1. Fluralaner (within 28 days)
2. Permethrin
3. Fipronil
4. Imidaclopird (+ flumethrin = Seresto)
5. Selamectin
146
Name this louse from a dog
Linognathus setosus
147
Which treatments are reportedly effective to treat pediculosis in cats?
Lice are susceptible to the majority of insecticides in the market. Currently, registered active ingredients to treat feline pediculosis include:
1. Fipronil (spot-on and spray)
2. Selamectin spot-on
148
What type of mite is Straelensia cynotis?
Trombiculid
Larvae invade the follicular ostium - difficult to find on scrapings, diagnosis made by biopsy.
149
What are the clinical signs of Straelensia cynotis?
Macules that progress to multiple, alopecic, small, erythematous nodules and papules scattered over the head, neck, dorsum, extremities and lumbar regions. Not typically pruritic
The abdomen and chest are not typically involved.
150
Are hookworm larvae numerous or sparse on skin biopsy?
Sparse
Can perform faecal flotation to aid diagnosis with typical clinical signs (pruritic dermatitis involving contact areas with the ground in a dog housed outdoors).
151
What cutaneous signs are associated with helminth infection in dogs?
Erythema, alopecia, papules, scales, crusts, nodules with or without fistula, hyperkeratosis and pruritus of various intensities are the most common cutaneous signs
152
How do helminth larvae enter the skin?
Haematogenous (or lymphatic) spread or percutaneous entry pass through the dog’s skin on contact with the ground
153
Which stage of Pelodera strongyloides cause cutaneous infestation in dogs?
The L3 larval stages can occasionally invade the skin of dogs and humans
154
How does Pelodora gain entry to the skin and what are the clinical signs?
- Contact with contaminated hay, straw, or grass bedding
- Larvae penetrate the follicular infundibula causing erythema, alopecia, scaling, crusting and occasionally pustules.
- Usually severe pruritus, although cases without pruritus have been described.
155
How can you diagnose Pelodora dermatitis?
1. Skin scraping
2. Histopathology
3. Trichography
156
How do you treat Pelodora dermatitis?
Two applications of moxidectin/imidacloprid spot-on 2 weeks apart
157
Apart from Dirofilaria, name two other vector-borne flarioids that can cause cutaneous signs in dogs?
Cercopithiflaria spp. (erythematous, papular and pruritic dermatitis)
Onchocerca (ocular, conjunctival, eyelids)
- Treat with Advocate!
158
Cutaneous myiasis in the absence of skin lesions has been reported in sheep and other farm animals as well as less commonly in dogs and cats. This myiasis is caused by flies from which family?
Calliphoridae e.g. Lucilia sericata and Calliphora sp.
159
Dermatobia hominis (D. hominis) is a botfly that causes furuncular myiasis; which treatment was reportedly effective in cats?
Fluralaner (killed larvae in 24-48 hours)
