Chapter 7: Thinking and Intelligence Flashcards
cognition
Thinking, processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem-solving, judgment language, memory 
Cognitive psychology
Part of psych interested in how people think
Concepts
Category/groupings of linguistic info, images, ideas, or memories
Why are concepts important?
Used them to see relationships among elements of your experiences in to keep info on your mind organize/accessible
Prototype
Best example/representation of a concept. .
Example 1st bird comes to mind is a regular burgers, we went think of penguins they’re not prototypical birds
Natural concepts
Naturally created the experiences, either direct or indirect
Example hurricanes are direct snow is indirect for Louisiana
Artificial concepts
Define by specific set of characteristics
Example geometric shapes a triangle always at three sides
Schema
Mental construct, consisting of cluster/collection of related concepts
- Help, organizing info in brain
Role schema
Makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave
Always a possibility of a person may differ from their assume roll
Event, schema, a.k.a. cognitive script
Set a behaviors that feel like a routine
Ex what I do when I enter class
Behaviors become automatic, make them difficult to change
Ex driving to work on a day off
Language
Communication system using word/stomach rules to organize words to transmit info
All animals communicate; but only humans use language
Lexicon
Words of a given language (vocabulary)
Grammar
Set of rules that are used to convey meaning through use of lexicon
Phonemes
Basic sound unit of a given language; different languages have different sets of phonemes
Morphemes
Smallest unit of a language I have a
Ex : prefixes, root word, and suffixes
Semantics
Process which we derive meaning from morphemes and words
Sally hit the car versus the car hit Sally
Syntax
Way words organized into sentences
Infinite generativity
Ability to produce endless numbers of meaningful sentences, using a finite set at a word/rules
- every sentence has already been said
Skinner
Behaviorism: regards infant as starting from scratch and learning behaviors, based on responses or conditioning of those around them
Children produce speech we hope they never heard
Chomsky
Innatist theory: points out that learning from scratch can account for speed with which kids learn language, norther, generative ways of using it
Universal, grammar,
Oh world languages share a similar underlying structure
- facilities, language in kids, less language processing in adults
Language acquisition device
Neural system of brain hypnotized to permitted understanding of a language
Prelinguistic communication
Sounds facial expressions, gestures, imitation, etc. that provide meaning without words
Milestones of language development
Crying, cooing, babbling gestures, first words
First words
10-18 months of age
First sentences
18 to 24 months
Overgeneralization
Extension of a Language rule, to exception to the rule
Example seeing gooses mouses instead of saying geese mice, which shows that they’re learning basic rules
Problem-solving strategies
Plan of action used to find a solution
Trial and error
Continue trying different solution to a problem is solved
Algorithm
Step-by-step, problem-solving, formula
Heuristic
Mental shortcuts used to solve problems
Rule of thumb/guesstimation
Impulse to use heuristic occurs when 1 of five conditions are met
Too much info, trying to make decision limited an important decision little info, making decision appropriate heuristic happens to come to mind in the same moment
Working backwards
Begin solving problem by focusing on end result
Mental set 
Persist in approaching a problem in a way that work in the past but not working now
Functional fixedness
Camper, Stephen object being used for something other than what it was designed for
Using butter knife as screwdriver
Anchoring bias
Focus on one piece of info and make a decision of solving problem
Being unable to stop focusing on a price on higher price is better benefits
Confirmation bias
Tendency to focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs
Hindsight bias
Believing you could’ve foreseen an outcome
Representative bias
Unintentionally, stereotype, someone or some thing because if it’s your idea of what the person should be
Availability heuristic
Make a decision based on an example info, or recent experience that is readily available
Spearman’s G or general intelligence
Consisted of one general factor which can be measured/compared among people
Fluid intelligence (use)
Ability to deal with new problems and situation
Crystallized intelligence (store)
Store of information, skills and strategies people have gained through education in prior experiences and previous use of fluid intelligence
Analytical intelligence
Flexible people process analyze info
Robert Sternberg developed the triarchic theory of intelligence
Analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence
Creative intelligence
Insightful component
Practical intelligence
Demands of every day environment
Howard Gardner
Multiple intelligence theory
emotional intelligence
skills that underlie accurate assessment evaluation, expression, regulation of emotions
cultural intelligence
how well you relate to the values of another cuklture exemplifies your cultural intelligence sometimes referred to as cultural competence
creativity
ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities
divergent thinking
described as “thinking outside box” allows ppl to arrive at unique, multiple solutions to a given problem
convergent thinking
ability to provide a correct or well-established answer ot solution to a problem
binet test
way to identify kids w. special assisstance
intelligencde test
diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability
intelligence quotient IQ
score describes kid’s performance
- chronological age w/ mental age
standardization
manner of administration, scoring, and interpretation of result is consistent
norming
giving a test to a large population so data can be collected comparing groups \
wechsler scales
provide separate measures of verbal and performance (or nonverbal) skills as well as total score
mental age
typical intelligence level found for ppl at a given chronological age
chronological (physical) age
actual age
original formula
mental age/chronological age X 100 = IQ
- no longer in use
- once we hit 16 our performance doesn’t increase by much (levels off)
deviation IQ scores
based on how someone deviates from average IQ of 100
__ of ppl fall w/in 15 points of average (100)
2/3
- score above 130 = gifted
- score below 70 = “developmentally delayed”
brain size correlates w/ intelligence __ species, while its uncorrelated w/ intelligence __ species (including humans)
across/within
cortex of kids thicken fast; peak ~ 12
may indicate intelligent brains take longer to mature
- also smart kids (IQ in top 10%) 7-yr olds have thinner cerebral cortex than other kids
range of rxn
each person responds to environment in a unique way based in their genetic makeup
effects of poverty on intelligence
test scores of kids w/ supplements were way higher than kids w/out them
learning disabilities
congnitive disorders that affect diff areas of cognition (particularly language or reading)
dysgraphia
struggle to write legibly
dyslexia
inability to correctly process lettersr
