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Psych 2005 (Section 5) > Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

sensation (biological)

A

detction of physical energy by orur semse organs that send info to brain

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2
Q

transduction

A

nervous system converts stimulus into electrical signals in neurons

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3
Q

absolute threhsold

A

lowest level of a stimulus that we can detect 50% of the time
- ex: can see a candle from 30 miles away on a clear night

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4
Q

subliminal messages

A

presented below threshold for conscious awareness

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5
Q

noticeable difference (difference threshold)

A

how much change in a stimuli is required for us to notice the change between them
-chnages based on stimulus intensity
- ex: phone light in dark movie

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6
Q

webers law

A

the stronger tthe stimulus, tje greater chnage neccesary to detect a difference
ex: adding 1 lb to 5 lbs vs adding 1 lb to 50 lbs

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7
Q

perception (cognitive)

A

sensory info organuzed, interptewted, consciously experienced

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8
Q

bottom up processing

A

perceiving items w/ sensation as opposed to our concepual ideas (starts w/ simplest level)

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9
Q

top down processing

A

cocneptually driven; infuenced by beliefs and expectancies
ex: lump in road is clothes not dead animal

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10
Q

sensory adaptation

A

often ddont percieve stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time
ex: other peoples houses smell weird but ours doesnt

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11
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failure to detect something obvious while paying attention to something else

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12
Q

signal detecttion theory

A

ability to detect stimulus when its embedded in a distracting background
- ex: seeing friend in sea of faces

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13
Q

ppl from the __ cultures are more prone to certain types of visual illusions than ppl from __ countries (and vice versa)

A

western cultures; non-western
ex: ppl in western cultures have a perceptual context of buildings w/ straight lines while ppl from other countries see right through this illusion

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14
Q

amplitude

A

distance from center line (either to top/bottom)

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15
Q

wavelength

A

lenght of wave form peak to peak

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16
Q

frequency

A

of waves that pass a given point in a given time period

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17
Q

hertz

A

cycles per second

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18
Q

longer wavelengths =

A

lower frequencies

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19
Q

shorter wavelengths =

A

higher frequencies

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20
Q

visible spectrum

A

part of larger elecgromagnetic spectrum that we can see

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21
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

all electromagnetic radiation that occurs in our environment
ex: gamma rays, x-rays, uv light, etc…

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22
Q

in vision, red is associated w/

A

longer wavelengths

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23
Q

in vision, blue/purple is associated w/

A

shorter wavelengths

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24
Q

larger amplitude of light waves =

A

brighter color

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25
Q

pitch

A

frequency of sound waves
- high: high pitch sound
- low: low pitch sound

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26
Q

decibels

A

height of sound waves; our experience of loudness
- hearing damage: 80-13- dB

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27
Q

timbre

A

quality of sound wave
- combo of frequency, amplitude, and timing of sound waves

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28
Q

cornea

A

transparent covering over eye
- focus light waves inside of eye

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29
Q

pupil

A

small opening in eye through which light passes (see chnages w/ light levels + emotional arousal)
- low light: pupil dilates (more light)
- high light: pupil constricts (less light)

30
Q

iris

A

eye color

31
Q

lens

A

curved, transparent structure that provides additional focus
- can change shape to focus light (we can feel this change)

32
Q

fovea

A

lens focus images perfectly on this small indentation in back of eye

33
Q

retina

A

light sensitive lining of eye

34
Q

cones

A

color vision; acute detailsl spatial relation

35
Q

rods

A

long/narrow; helps see basic shapes/forms

36
Q

dark adaptation

A

time for rods to adjust to greater sensitivity

37
Q

optic nerve

A

rods and cones are connected to retinal ganglion cells

38
Q

axons from retinal ganglion cells….

A

converge/exit the back of eye to form optic nerve,

39
Q

optic nerve carries what?

A

visual info from retina to brain

40
Q

blind spot

A

where optic nerve exits the retina
- not consciously aware of this
1. each eye has slightly diff view
2. visual system fills in blind spot for us

41
Q

optic chiasm

A

where optic nerve from eahc eye merges just below brain
- info from right left visual field goes to left hemisphere and vice versa

42
Q

trichromatic theory of color vision + has what 2 theories that aren’t mutally exclusive?

A

all colors come from primary colors (red, blue, green)
oppenent process theory/trichromatic theory of color vision (apply to diff levels of bervous system)
- trichromatic: cones repsond to diff wavelengths that represent red, blue, green
-opponent: signal moves past retina and cells respond in a consistent way to opp-pro theory

43
Q

oppenent process theor

A

color is coded in opponent pairs: one cell is excited by one of the opponent colors and inhibited by the other
- black/white
- yellow/blue
- green/RED

44
Q

after image

A

continuation of visual sensation after removal of stimulus

45
Q

depth perception

A

abilitu to judge distance of objects/spatial relation of objects at diff distances

46
Q

binocular cues

A

uses both eyes
- bi = 2
- ocular = eyes

47
Q

binocular disparity

A

slightly diff views of world each of our eyes receive

48
Q

monocular cues

A

one eye
- mono = 1
- ocular = eye

49
Q

linear perspective

A

perceive depth when we see 2 parallel lives that seem to converge in an image (ex: highway merges into only 1 lane)

49
Q

parts of outer ear:

A

pinna (visible); auditory canal; tympanic membrane (eardrum)

50
Q

ossicles

A

names the malleus (hammer); incus (anvil); stapes (stirrup)

51
Q

inner ear parts:

A

semi-circular canals (balance and movement)(vestibular sense); and cochlea (fluid-filled, snail shaped structure that contains sensory receptors) (aka hair cells)

52
Q

sound waves hit __ then __ then __ then __

A

auditory canal + strike tympanic membrane; then moves the ossicles, then stapes presses into cochlea (oval window); then hair cells are stimulated in the basilar membrane

53
Q

basilar membrane

A

thin strip of tissue w/in cochlea

54
Q

temporal (frequency) theory of pitch perception

A

frequency is coded by activity level of sensory neuron

55
Q

place theory of pitch perception

A

diff portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of diff frequencies
- base respodns better to high frequencies
- tip responds better to low frequencies

56
Q

monaural cues

A

one ear; each pinna interacts w/ incoming soudn waves diff depending on sounds source relative to our bodies

57
Q

binaural cues

A

two ears; sounds will arrive at one ear slightly before the other ear

58
Q

gustation

A

taste (sweet, salty, sour)

59
Q

umami

A

japanese word that means pleasant-savory taste
- associated w/ glutamates and nucleotides (meats, fermented foods, mushrooms)

60
Q

olfaction means

A

smell

61
Q

olfactory receptors

A

cells located in mucous membrane at top of nose
- hairlike extensions are receoptirs for sites for color molecules

62
Q

olfactory bulb

A

tip of frontal lobe where olfactory nerves begin
- works w/ gustation to produce flavor
- infor sent to regions of limbic system/primary olfactory bulb

63
Q

gestalt psych

A

breaking psych phenomena down into small parts would not lead to undertstaning psych
- best way to view phenomena is as organized structural wholes

64
Q

gestalt principles

A

rules governing how we perceive objects as wholes w/in context

65
Q

figure-ground relationship

A

decision about what is foreground/what is background

66
Q

proximity

A

objects physiclaly close to each other seen as unified wholes

67
Q

similarity

A

we see similar objects as comprising a whole

68
Q

continuity (good continuation)

A

lines are seen as following the smoothest path

69
Q

closure

A

we fill in what is missing in partial info

Psych 2005 (Section 5) (9 decks)

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