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HPL > Chapter 7 - The Ear, Hearing and Balance > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - The Ear, Hearing and Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 sections of the ear and what are they filled with?

A

Outer - Air

Middle - Air

Inner - Liquid

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2
Q

What are the components of the outer ear and their purpose?

A

The pinna - funnelling sound into the auditory canal.

The auditory canal - direction sound to the tymphatic membrane (ear drum)

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3
Q

What separates the outer and middle ear?

A

The tymphatic membrane (ear drum)

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4
Q

What are the components of the middle ear and what are their purpose?

A

The ossicles (Maleus (Hammer), Incus (Anvil), Stapes (Stirrup)) - To transmit vibrations from the tymphatic membrane to the oval window of the cochlea.

The eustachian tube - a tube that connects the middle ear to the throat and allows for pressure equalisation between the middle ear and the outside.

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5
Q

What are the components of the inner ear and what are their purpose?

A

The cochlea - Transmits vibrations, from the oval window, into electrical impulses sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.

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6
Q

What 2 barriers separate the middle ear and the inner ear?

A

The oval window and the round window.

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7
Q

What is the name of the system responsible for hearing?

A

The auditory system

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8
Q

What is the name of the system responsible for balance?

A

The vestibular system

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9
Q

What is the membrane in the middle of the cochlea called that is responsible for creating the electrical impulse sent to the brain?

A

The corti membrane

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10
Q

What 2 ways can vibrations be recieved by the inner ear?

A

Through the middle & outer ear

From the skull by bone conduction

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11
Q

What is the human hearing frequency range.

A

20 - 20000Hz

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12
Q

What is sound intensity/loudness measured in?

A

dB

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13
Q

What increaase in dB is equivelant to doubling intensity?

A

3dB

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14
Q

What increaase in dB is equivelant to doubling loudness?

A

10dB

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15
Q

What kind of frequency sounds will have more of an adverse effect on a pilot?

A

high frequency sounds

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16
Q

What can exposure to extremely high levels of sound cause?

A

Acoustic trauma

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17
Q

What dB range when heard continuously can cause hearing loss?

A

90+dB

18
Q

What dB of sound can cause discomfort?

A

100dB

19
Q

What dB of sound can cause pain?

A

140dB

20
Q

What is Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL), and what can it lead to?

A

Damage to the sensitive membrane in the cochlea due to over exposure to noice above 90dB.

Leads to permanent hearing loss of particular frequency.

21
Q

What can affect the damage to hearing for a pilot?

A

Intensity of sounds

Frequency of sounds (highest worst)

Duration of exposure

Proper use of headset

22
Q

What is conductive hearing loss?

A

Defect of the mid or outer ear which prevents sound from being transmitted to the inner ear.

23
Q

What can cause conductive hearing loss?

A

Mid ear infection, otitis media (glue ear)

Osteosclerosis

Physical damage to ear drum

Excessive accumilation of wax

Damage to ossicles in mid ear.

24
Q

What is presbycusis?

A

Hearing loss due to degeneration of the hearing system due to age.

High frequencies tend to go first.

25
Q

What is Tinnitus?

A

A constant ringing/humming/buzzing noise due to damage in auditory system.

26
Q

What is barotrauma?

A

Where the pressure between the middle and outer ear cannot be equilised due to a block eastachian tube.

27
Q

Why should you never go flying if you suspect that you can’t clear your ears?

A

You may suffer from barotrauma.

28
Q

When is barotrauma most likely to be worst?

A

During rapid descent.

29
Q

What is the Valsava method?

A

equilising pressure between mid and outer ear by trying to blow through nose while holding it shut, forcing the eustachian tube open.

30
Q

What is the information obtained from the vestibular system used for?

A

Posture, balance and stabilising vision.

31
Q

What does the vesitbular system comprise of and what are their purpose?

A

Otoliths (Utricle and Saccule) - Linear accelaration detection

Semi circular canals - Angular accelaration detection.

32
Q

How do the semicircular canals detect angular accelaration?

A

Inside each canal is a liquid and at the end of each canal is a bulb formation called an Ampulla.

Inside the Ampulla is a Cupula, which has little hair cells sticking out of it.

When a rotation occurs, the liquid flows in the canals and thus displaces the hair cells on the cupula, which is interpretted as a rotational movement.

33
Q

What are the names of the 3 different semicircular canals?

A

Lateral - z axis

Posterior - y axis

Anterior - x axis

34
Q

How do the Otoliths detect linear accelaration?

A

The Utricle, positioned horizontally, and the Saccule, positioned vertically, each have an array of hair like sensors which then have tiny crystals mounted of top of them, also called otoliths.

When a linear accelaration occurs, these top heavy cells deflect and this is interpreted as an accelaration.

They also detect tilt.

35
Q

What are the limits of the vestibular system?

A

It assumes linear accelarations of 1g relative to the body are the effect of gravity

Can only detect initial rotational movement

Has threshold below which externam stimulation do not trigger action potentials.

36
Q

What is motion sickness?

A

Disorientation regarding an objects relative movement

37
Q

What is visual habituation?

A

A decrease in response of the visual system neurons to motion detection due to prolonged exposure (eg. when driving for a long time of a motorway.)

38
Q

What are the symptoms of motion sickness and what can be done to remedy them?

A

Symptoms:

Nausea; Hyperventillation

Remedies:

Keep head still; Open air vents; Steady progressive maneovres; Medication may help but always consult an aviation doctor before self medication.

39
Q

What effect does alcohol have on the ear and how long can it’s effects last?

A

It reduces the SG of the liquid in the inner ear, leading to erroneous signals in the otoliths and semicircular canals.

They can persist for up to 3 days,

40
Q
A

HPL (15 decks)

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