Chapter 16 - Hazards of Aviation

Question 1

What are the 3 types of accelaration?

Answer 1

Linear

Angular

Radial

Question 2

What is defined as a short duration accelaration?

Answer 2

less than 1 second

Question 3

What is defined as a long duration accelaration?

Answer 3

More than 1 second

Question 4

What are the different G force axes?

Answer 4

Gx - linear (front to back +ve)

Gy - lateral (right to left +ve)

Gz - vertical (head to foot +ve)

Question 5

What affects the physiological conditions due to G forces/accelarations?

Answer 5

Duration under G

G onset rate

Magnitude of G

Direction of G

Question 6

What effect does an increase in positive Gz have on the hydrostatic variation of blood pressure?

Answer 6

It increases it.

Question 7

What are the different stages of +Gz?

Answer 7

Grey out (3-4G) - Rods and cones need a disproportionate amount of oxygen causing tunnel vision, where peripheral vision cells are starved of oxygen.

Black out (5G) - fatigue, imparied thinking, loss of conciousness

Question 8

What is the affect of -Gz on hydrostatic variation of blood pressure and what other condition is associated with -Gz?

Answer 8

It decreases it and causes “red out”

Question 9

What factors reduce tolerance to G forces?

Answer 9

Hypoxia; Hyperventillation; Hypotension; Stress; Fatigue; Heat; Low blood sugar; Smoking; Obesity; Alcohol.

Question 10

What factors increase tolerance to G forces?

Answer 10

Body postion; Straining; Shouting; Tensing leg muscles; Anti G suits;

Question 11

What are the human limits to withstanding long duration G with assistance?

Answer 11

+3-5G relaxed

+7-8G use anti G straining techniques

Question 12

What are the human limits to withstanding short duration G?

Answer 12

-3G

+25G in vertical axis

+45G in fore/aft axis

Question 13

What are the 4 types of barotrauma?

Answer 13

Otic (ear)

Sinus

Aerodentalgia (teeth)

Gastrointestinal

Question 14

What might an Otic barotrauma cause?

Answer 14

Pain from temples

Temporary deafness

Pressure vertigo

Tinnitus

Rupture & bleed of eardrum

can cause deafness in extreme cases.

Question 15

What does sinus barotrauma cause, when is it worst, and how do you treat it?

Answer 15

Pain in the eyes and temples, which can be so severe that it is difficult to maintrain control of the aircraft.

It is just as bad in the climb as it is in descent.

To treat return to the altitude at which there was no pain and then land ASAP but descend slowly.

Question 16

What causes gatro-intestinal barotrauma, what does it cause and how can you treat it?

Answer 16

Caused by expanding gases in the small intestine.

Causes discomfort and sometimes pain is severe.

passing wind can eleviate it.

Question 17

What is aerodontalgia, and where it is most common?

Answer 17

A type of barotrauma that causes gases to expand in fillings or absesses, causing severe pain.

It is most common in the climb.

Question 18

When it comes to hazrdous and toxic materials, what must the operator ensure?

Answer 18

Personal have had enough training in handling.

There are procedures in place to ensure safe handling.

They must ensure that all documentation is complete and correct.

Question 19

What things count as hazardous materials?

Answer 19

Fuels, lubricant and propellants

Anti icing fluid

Fire extinguishing agents

Agricultural chemicals

Mercury

Batteries

Question 20

What must be done if skin is exposed to fuels, lubricants or propellants?

Answer 20

It must be washed with warm water WITHOUT soap.

Question 21

Why is mercury spillage so bad?

Answer 21

It is highly corrosive and when it reacts with aluminium it releases toxic fumes.

Question 22

What should you do it exposed to toxic materials?

Answer 22

Seek medical assistance ASAP.

Question 23

What is the effect of ozone (O3) on humans?

Answer 23

It is highly toxic when inhaled.

Causes:

Severe headaches; Impaired vision; Emphysema (irreversible damage to elestic lung tissue.)

Question 24

Where is ozone a potential danger and what protection do we have against it?

Answer 24

40000-75000ft and we have ozone converters.

Question 25

What is cosmic radiation and where is it’s intensity highest?

Answer 25

it is radiation form space.

intensity increases with altitude up to 66000ft (20km) and with latitude up to 50deg where is constant.

Question 26

What are the risk factors regarding cosmic radiation?

Answer 26

Altitude

Latitude

Solar cycle

Length of exposure

Question 27

What are the 2 types of cosmic radiation, and when do we keep records of it?

Answer 27

Galactic cosmic radiation

Solar radiation

For flights above 49000ft

Question 28

What are the characteristics of galactic cosmic radiation?

Answer 28

Comes from outside the solar system

Is predictable, steady, and increases with altitude

It consists of high energy particles

Due to the atmosphere being thicker there is more protection at the equator than at the poles

It damages cells causing cancer and possible birth defects.

Question 29

What are the characteristics of solar radiation?

Answer 29

They come from solar flares

They are intense & unpredictable

Lower energy particles

Affects the CNS & damages organs

Can cause cancer (mainly of the skin - melenoma)

Question 30

What is the effect of a solar storm on cosmic radiation?

Answer 30

they decrease it due to the solar flar deflecting galactic cosmic radiation away from earth.