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HPL > Chapter 4 - The Atmosphere, Oxygen and Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - The Atmosphere, Oxygen and Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Why do humans need oxygen?

A

Oxygen is required in keeping cells alive.

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2
Q

How much CO2 is in the air?

A

Approximately 0.038%

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3
Q

Up to what altitude does gas volume percentage remain constant?

A

70000ft

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4
Q

What does Boyle’s law state?

A

For a enclosed amount of gas at a constant temperature, volume will decrease with an increase in pressure.

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5
Q

What does Charles law state?

A

At constant pressure, a volume of gas will increase with an increase in temperature.

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6
Q

What does Gay-Lussacs law state?

A

At a constant volume, pressure increases with temperature.

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7
Q

What is the combined gas law?

A

P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

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8
Q

What does Daltons law state?

A

The pressure of a gas is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its constituent gases.

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9
Q

What does Henry’s law state?

A

The amount of a particular gas dissolved into a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure.

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10
Q

What does Ficks law state?

A

The rate of gas transfer through tissue is proportional to area of tissue and the pressure gradient and inversely proportional to thickness of tissue.

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11
Q

At what altitude is pressure 75% of MSL?

A

8000ft

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12
Q

At what altitude is pressure 50% of MSL?

A

18000ft

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13
Q

At what altitude is pressure 25% of MSL?

A

34000ft

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14
Q

What is the composition of air in the lungs?

A

Nitrogen - 75% Oxygen - 14% CO2 - 5% water vapour - 6%

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15
Q

What determines the amount of oxygen that gets diffused into the blood?

A

The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs.

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16
Q

What is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs and blood before diffusion?

A

100 in lungs 40 in blood

17
Q

What is the role of haemoglobin?

A

Binds to and carries oxygen in the blood.

18
Q

What is the minimum partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs before hypoxia ensues?

A

55mmHg

19
Q

At what altitude do you need to start adding oxygen to the air to be avoid hypoxia?

A

10000ft

20
Q

From what altitude is 100% oxygen required?

A

33700ft

21
Q

At what altitude do you need to start pressurising the air to avoid hypoxia?

A

40000ft

22
Q

Where in the lungs does diffusion of gases to and from the blood take place?

A

The Alveoli

23
Q

How many breaths does an average healthy human male undergo each minute?

A

12 - 20 (16 on average)

24
Q

What regulates the rate and depth of breaths?

A

Acidity of the blood due to CO2 levels (carbonic acid)

25
Q

What is the tidal volume of the lungs and what is it for an average adult male?

A

The volume of air inhaled/exhaled in a normal breath.

Approximately 500ml.

26
Q

What is the inspritory reserve and what is it for an average adult male?

A

The extra volume of air that the lungs can inhale over the tidal volume.

3100ml

27
Q

What is the expritory reserve and what is it for an average adult male?

A

The volume of air that can be exhaled forcefully after the end of a normal tidal expiration.

1200ml

28
Q

What is the residual volume and what is it for an average adult male?

A

The remaining air in the lungs after forceful expiration.

1200ml

29
Q

What is the vital capacity the lungs?

A

Tidal volume + inspiratory volume + expiratory volume

30
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

Vital capacity + residual volume

31
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

Residual volume + expiratory reserve volume

32
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

33
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

A shortage of oxygen to cells for whatever reason.

34
Q

What is hypoxic hypoxia?

A

Hypoxia associated with low saturation level of oxygen in the blood.

35
Q

What is cabin pressure/altitude?

A

The pressure the cabin is raised to to acheive an effective altitude inside the cabin of around 6000 - 8000ft.

36
Q

What is the pressure difference across a fueslage when at 8000ft cabin altitude?

A

465 mmHg / 9 psi

HPL (15 decks)

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