Chapter 5 - The Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What makes up the cardiovascular system?
The heart - pump
Blood vessels and capilaries - Series of channels
What are the two types of blood vessels and what are their purpose?
Veins - carry deoxiginated blood back to the heart
Arteries - carry oxyginated blood to parts of the body
What else the the heart known as?
The aortic pump
What does the right atrium do?
Acts as a weak pump, pumping deoxiginated blood into the right ventrical.
It is the first section of the heart.
What does the right ventrical do?
Pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs.
What does the left atrium do?
Acts as a weak pump, and pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left ventrical.
What does the left ventrical do?
Pumps oxygenated blood to the body.
How does the heart obtain blood required to function and what complications can arise?
Coronary artieries and veins.
Narrowing of these vessels can cause heart attacks.
What is a pulse?
A pressure wave caused by pumping of the heart.
What affects a persons pulse?
Exersize
Emotional arousal
Age
Body temperature and blood pressure
Pain
Digestion
What is the stroke volume?
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventrical in one contraction (70ml)
What is the cardiac output?
The volume of blood pumped b y the heart per minute (ml/min)
What is heart rate?
Beats per minute
How do you wok out cardiac output?
Heart rate x stroke volume
What is the maximum effective heart rate?
Around 180bmp, above this and the heart cannot fill with blood quick enough so cardiac output will decrease.
What is the Aorta?
The main vessel out of the heart, which runs down the inside of the spine.
What is the Vena Cava?
The main vein into the heart.
What is the pulmonary artery?
The vessel that carries blood from the heart, to the lungs.
What is the pulmonary vein?
The vessel that takes blood from the lungs to the heart.
What is the pulmonary system?
Heart - lungs
What is the systematic system?
Heart - body
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
Carry oxygen to cells and CO2 away.
Carry nutrients to cells and waste away.
Carry chemical messengers, hormones
Transport antibodies
Assist in temperature control (vasoconstrict/vasodilate)
What is the composition of blood and what is each parts purpose?
Red blood cells (oxygen)
White blood cells (antibodies)
Platelets (clotting)
Plasma (liquid suspension)
How much more oxygen do red blood cells allow the blood to carry?
70% more
What is Anaemia and what are it’s symptoms?
Low red blood cells/heomoglobin most commonly due to iron definciency.
Tiredness/lethargy and pale complexion
What are some disorders of the heart?
Signal from brain to contracting muscle altering the pacemaker rhythm.
Narrowing of coronary blood vessels causing Angina, Coronary heart disorder or even heart attack.
What is Angina and what can cause it?
Chest pain due to restricted blood supply to the heart muscle.
causes:
Age
Disease
Smoking
Physical/Emotional stress
What is coronary artery disease?
Where blood flow to heart heart is restricted or cut off.
What is a Myocardial infarction and what are the symptoms?
A heart attack, and thus death of the peice of heart muscle involved.
symptoms:
Pain in chest
Increased heart rate
Shortness of breath
Pallor & sweating
What is the most common cause of death in men over 40?
Heart attack
What are the risk factors associated with developing coronary heart disease?
Family history
Smoking
High blood pressure (Hypertension_
High blood choleserol
Lack of exersize
Diabetes
What can you do to reduce the chances of developing coronary heart disease?
Exersize 3 times a week for at least 20 mins, doubling heart rate.
What does the cardiac cycle consist of?
Diastole, relaxing phase and Systole, contracting phase.
What is blood pressure what what does it depend on?
The measure of force of blood on walls of bloody vessels as it flows through them.
Depends on:
Cardiac output
Peripheral resistance
Elasticity of vessel walls
Blood volume and viscosity
What is systolic pressure and what is a typical value?
Force at which the heart pumps blood into artieries & around the body.
Usually around 120mmHg
What is Dyastolic pressure and what is a typical value?
Pressure in the heart at rest.
Usually around 80mmHg.
What is hypertension, what can it cause and what are it’s symptoms?
High blood pressure, exceeding 140/90.
Can cause:
Stroke; Coronary heart disease; Kidney failure
Symptoms:
Heart palpitations; Shortness of breath; Angina; Headaches; Sudden nose bleeds
What can cause hypertension and what can prevent it?
Causes:
Family history; Dietry factors; Obesity; Narrowing or hardening of arteries; Stress; Smoking; Age; Lack of exercise.
Prevention:
Lifestyle change with healthy diet; Regular exercise; Quitting smoking.
What effect does age have on blood pressure?
As a person ages their blood pressure will rise due to vessels losing their elasticity.
What is hypotension and what are it’s symptoms?
Low blood pressure, below 90/60mmHg
Symptoms:
Lethargy; Dizziness; Shortness of breath; Fainting; Reduction in ability to withstand G forces; In extreme case coma.
What can cause hypotension?
Time of day; Age; Temperature; Medication; Genetics (long term); Injury (haemorrhage); Some illnesses; Shock; Insufficient fluid intake; Disorder of the endocrine system.
What are baroreceptors?
Part of the pressure regulation system that helps to maintain homeostasis by sending impulses to the brain to either reduce heart rate and relax blood vessels during hypertension, or increase heart rate and tighten blood vessels during hypotension.
What should be done after donating blood?
Drink plenty of fluids
Lie surpine for 15-30 minutes
Dont fly for at least 24hrs
