Chapter 7 - The Control of Microbial Growth [Revered] Flashcards
_____ refers to microbe contamination. ______ is a systemic infection that causes a severe immune response
Sepsis
_______ refers to the absence of significant contamination.
Asepsis
_________ uses practices and techniques to prevent contamination from microbes.
Aseptic techniques
______ removes and destroys all microbial life, including vegetative cells and endospores.
Sterilization
_______ destroys most microbes but does not kill endospores. ______ typically applies to non-living objects such as counters and surfaces.
Disinfection
_______ destroys harmful microbes from body wounds.
Antisepsis
_______ is the physical removal of microbes in a limited area. This is typically achieved by using soaps and detergents.
Degerming
_______ is a chemical treatment that kills target-specific microbes.
Biocide (germicide)
________ refers to the cleansing of fomites to remove enough bacteria that is deemed safe for public health.
Sanitization
________ is a treatment that inhibits the growth of microbes. Microbe growth becomes static.
Biostatic (bacteriostatic)
________ shows the effectiveness of treatment by a chemical agent.
Number of microbes
Environment
Time of exposure
Microbial characteristics
_______ damages the cell membrane of bacteria -> disrupting homeostasis.
Alteration of C.M permeability
_______ & ______ are the most resistant microbes to chemical agents.
Prions & Endospores of bacteria
_______ are the most sensitive microbes to chemical agents.
Viruses with lipid envelopes
_______ alters/damages protein structure -> alters/damages protein function.
Damage to proteins (Enzymes)
_________ alters/damages DNA -> RNA -> Protein -> alters/damaged protein function.
Damage to Nucleic Acid (DNA)
_______ inhibit cellular respiration -> no ATP production.
Inhibition/alteration of metabolism
_______ is the lowest temperature that all cells in a liquid media are killed in 10 minutes.
Thermal death point (TDP)
_______ is the minimum time for all bacteria in a liquid media to be killed at a certain temperature.
Thermal death time (TDT)
Boiling
Physical Methods: Moist Heat
Refrigeration
Physical Method: Low Temperatures
Hot-air sterilization
Physical Method: Dry Heat
_______ is a physical method that kills by oxidation.
Physical Method: Dry Heat
Bake sterilization
Physical Method: Dry Heat
Incineration
Physical Method: Dry Heat
Direct flaming for metal instruments
Physical Method: Dry Heat
______ is a physical method that kills by protein denaturation. Some examples of _____ are boiling, autoclave, and pasteurization.
Physical Method: Moist Heat
Autoclave (steam under pressure)
Physical Method: Moist Heat
Pasteurization (combinations of diff. temp. & time)
Physical Method: Moist Heat
______ is a physical method that uses low temperature to inhibit/suppress growth (bacteriostatic effect).
Physical Method: Low Temperatures
Deep-freezing.
Physical Method: Low Temperatures
Lyophilization (long-term preservation of food & cultures)
Physical Method: Low Temperatures
_____ is a physical method that passes substances/fluids through a screen-like membrane.
Physical Method: Filtration
Physical method used for vaccines, serums, and enzymes.
Physical Method: Filtration
HEPA filters
Physical Method: Filtration
Membrane filters
Physical Method: Filtration
______ is a physical method that removes water and prevents microbe metabolism.
Physical Method: Desiccation
______ is a physical method that uses high concentrations of salts and sugars to create a hypertonic environment.
Physical Method: Osmotic pressure/imbalance
Pathogen shrinks & dies
Physical Method: Osmotic pressure/imbalance
_______ is a physical method that destroys/damages the DNA of a microbe.
Physical Method: Radiation
X-rays, gamma rays, electron beams
Physical Method: Radiation (ex: ionizing radiation)
Disposable syringes, gloves, masks, & surgical sutures
Physical Method: Radiation (ex: ionizing radiation)
Ultraviolet light
Physical Method: Radiation (ex: nonionizing radiation)
Cleaning hospital rooms
Physical Method: Radiation (ex: nonionizing radiation)
Germicidal UV lamp
Physical Method: Radiation (ex: nonionizing radiation)
_______ is a chemical method that disrupts plasma membrane, creating a leaky cell.
Chemical Methods: Phenols, Phenolics, Bisphenols, Biguanides
_______ is rarely used, has a strong odor, and is highly irritable to the skin.
Phenol
_____ is derived from Phenol
Phenolics
______ is a disinfectant used in hand soap
Bisphenols
______ is used for skin disinfection (surgical hand scrubbing)
Biguanides
Disinfectant in hand soap
Chemical Methods: Phenols, Phenolics, Bisphenols, Biguanides
Surgical hand scrubbing
Chemical Methods: Phenols, Phenolics, Bisphenols, Biguanides
______ is a chemical method that kills by oxidation.
Chemical Methods: Halogens
Iodine
Chemical Methods: Halogens
Tincture (before/after surgery)
Chemical Methods: Halogens
Chlorine (Bleach)
Chemical Methods: Halogens
_____ is a chemical method that denatures proteins and dissolves lipids.
Chemical Methods: Alcohols
Bactericidal & Fungicidal
Chemical Methods: Alcohols
Chemical method used on surfaces and hands denature proteins & dissolve lipids
Chemical Methods: Alcohols
________ is a chemical method that disrupts cell membranes.
Chemical Methods: Surface-Active Agents
Isopropanol (rubbing alcohol)
Chemical Methods: Alcohols
Soaps & detergents
Chemical Methods: Surface-Active Agents
Acid-anionic sanitizers
Chemical Methods: Surface-Active Agents
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QUATS)
Chemical Methods: Surface-Active Agents
Sanitization of metal containers in food industry
Chemical Methods: Surface-Active Agents
_______ is a chemical method that has organic acids that inhibits metabolism and nitrites/nitrates that prevent endospore germination in foods.
Chemical Methods: Chemical Food Perservatives
Prevent mold & bacteria in foods
Chemical Methods: Chemical Food Preservatives (Organic Acids)
Cold cuts and Hot Dogs
Chemical Methods: Chemical Food Preservatives (Nitrites & Nitrates)
Prevents Clostridium botulinum
Chemical Methods: Chemical Food Preservatives (Nitrites & Nitrates)
________ is a chemical method that uses gas to sterilize -> causing alkylation -> leading to the formation of free radicals.
Chemical Methods: Chemical Sterilization
Ethylene Oxide
Chemical Methods: Chemical Sterilization
Large Heat-sensitive material
Chemical Methods: Chemical Sterilization
________ is a chemical method that uses plasma causes alkylation -> leading to the formation of free radicals.
Chemical Methods: Plasma Sterilization
______ is a fourth state of matter, consisting of electrically excited gas
Plasma
Tubular medical instruments (surgical steel rods/plates)
Chemical Methods: Plasma Sterilization