Chapter 20 - Antimicrobial Drugs Flashcards
Who was the first sceintist to use a chemical drug to treat disease?
Paul Ehrlich
________ is the use of chemicals (drugs) to treat a disease
Chemotherapy
Define: Antimicrobial Agent
a substance that interferes with microbial growth
Name 3 types of antimicrobial drugs
Know what they are derived from
Natural Antimicrobials
- come from living things/natural (ex: bacteria, fungi)
- Ex: Drug: Penicillin G (Antibacterial/ABX), derived from Penicillium chysogenum
Semisynthetic Antimicrobials
- b/w natural and synthetic
Synthetic Antimicrobials
- artificial process (human made)
- better drugs because they destory wide range of pathogens
Compare Narrow-Spectrum Drugs from Broad-Structum Drugs
(What does it affect, origin, example?)
Narrow-Spectrum Drugs
- affect a narrow range of pathogens
- Usually natural origin
- Ex: narrow-spectrum ABX (Penicillin G, from fungus) affect only gram + bacteria (prokaryotes)
Broad-Spectrum Drugs
- affect broad rang of pathogens
- Usually synthetic origin
- Ex: broad-spectrum ABX affect gram + and gram - bacteria
Name the 5 criteria for an ideal antimicrobial drug
RATDD
Retention of Drug
- Time required to stay in the body to have an affect; do not want body to breakdown drug too quickly
Spectrum of Action
- narrow vs broad spectrum
- Use narrow: when know ID of path
- Use broad: when pathogen is UNK; emergency situation
Selective Toxicitiy
- Selectivily destroys pathogens without damaging host
Effective Dose
- small dosage preferred
Delivery and Effective Penetration
- Ex: oral, injections, transdermal (patch)
Identify the targets for different antimicrobial drug categories
Antibacteria (Antibiotic) Drugs
- Bacteria
Antimycobacterial Drugs
- Bacteria of Genus Mycobacterium (TB)
Antimycotic (Antifungal) Drugs
- Fungi
Antiviral Drugs
- Viruses
Anti-Retroviral Drugs
- Vircuses of Retroviridae Family (Ex: HIV)
Antiparasitic (Antimalarial, Antiprotozoal) Drugs
- Protozoan parasites of Genus Plasmodium (Ex: Malaria)
Antiparasitic (Antihelminthic) Drugs
- Parasites that are worms
What are 5 mechanism of action for antibacterial drugs?
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
- inhibit peptidoglycan and mycolic acid (only in Genus Mycobacterium) synthesis
- Ex: PCN
Injury to Plasma Membrane
- disrupt homeostatis bc particles can move freely in/out of cells
Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis (Inhibit replication/transcription)
- NOT make RNA/DNA
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
- no translation -> no protein -> no protein FXN
Competitive Inhibition of Essential Metabolite Synthesis
- No folic acid made (needed for DNA synthesis)
Name all the Drug Families that are involved this MOA: inhibition of CW synthesis.
Understand the description of MOA
Know the category of antimicrobial drug (ex: Bacterial, Fungal, etc)
INHIBITION OF CW SYNTHESIS
Inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis
- Penicillin Family (Antibacterial)
- Cephalosporin Family (Antibacterial)
- Polypeptide Family (Antibacterial)
Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis in CW of Genus Mycobacterium
- Antimycobacterium Family (Antimycobacterial)
Describe this drug example: Penicillin Family/Class
Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats, MISC (name subcategories of PCN family and type of spectrum drug, components, sensitivity)
Category of Antimicrobial Drug
- Antibacterial Drugs
MOA
- Inhibit CW synthesis
Description of MOA
- inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis
DZ it Treats
- Gram + DZ (natural PCN)
- Gram + and Gram - DZ (semisynthetic PCN)
MISC
Penicillin Family/Class = beta-lactam ring
Natural PCN: PCN G and PCN V
- Narrow Spectrum Drug (destory only Gram +)
- Natural components: from fungus, Penicillium
- PCN (B-lactem ring) sensitive/destoryed by Penicillinase (prod by some bacteria)
Semisynthetic PCN:
- Broad Spectrum Drugs (destory Gram + and -)
- Natural and synthesis components
- PCN (B-lactem ring) resistant/NOT destroyed by Penicillinase
Describe this drug example: Cephalosporin Family/Class
Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, MISC (spectrum, component, resistance, discovered, classification)
Category of Antimicrobial Drug
- Antibacterial Drugs
MOA
- Inhibit CW synthesis
Description of MOA
- inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis
DZ it Treats
- x
MISC
Cephalosporin Family/Class
- Advantages:
-> Broad Spectrum Drug
-> Natural components: from fungus
-> Penicillinase resistant (will not be destoryed by bact) - Discovered: after PCN family
- Classified into generations (ex: 1st -> 5th)
Describe this drug example: Polypeptide Family/Class
Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats/CA its against, MISC
Category of Antimicrobial Drug
- Antibacterial Drugs
MOA
- Inhibit CW synthesis
Description of MOA
- inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis
DZ it Treats/CA its Against
- Against Gram + DZ
- Against Staphylococcus aureus
-> Ex: Food poisioning
MISC
Polypeptide Family/Class
- Topical (ointment) Application
-> Against Gram + - Last resrt against antibiotic resistant MRSA (methacillin-resistant)
-> Ex: S. aureus
Describe this drug example: Antimycobacterial Family/Class
Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats
Category of Antimicrobial Drug
- Antimycobacterial Drugs
MOA
- Inhibit CW synthesis
Description of MOA
- inhibits mycolic acid synthesis in CW of Genus Mycobacterium
DZ it Treats/CA its Against
- TRT: Tuberculosis (TB)
MISC
- x
Describe this MOA example: Causes injury to plasma membrane
Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats, MISC
Category of Antimicrobial Drug
- Antibacterial Drugs
MOA
- Injury to plasma membrane
Description of MOA
- Changes bacterial plasma membrane permeability
-> Make CM leaky = things go in/out freely
DZ it Treats/CA its Against
- Against Gram NEG DZ
MISC
- Topical (Ointment) Application
- Combined with other ABX
Name the drug families that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
Understand the description of MOA
Quinlone and Fluroquinolone Family/Class
- inhibit DNA synthesis/replication
OTHER (NO NAME)
- inhibit RNA synthesis
Describe this drug example: Quinlone and Fluoroquinolone Family/Class
Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats, MISC (spectrum)
Category of Antimicrobial Drug
- Antibacterial Drugs
MOA
- Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
Description of MOA
- Inhibits DNA synthesis/replication
DZ it Treats
- TRT UTI, Gonorrhea, Skin/Lung Infection, Anthrax
MISC
Quinlone and Fluoroquinolone Family/Class
- Broad Spectrum Drugs
Describe this description of MOA: inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting RNA synthesis of bacteria
Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats
Category of Antimicrobial Drug
- Antibacterial Drugs
MOA
- Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
Description of MOA
- Inhibits RNA synthesis
DZ it Treats
- TRT: Tuberculosis (TB)
-> Antimycobacterial activity
MISC
- x
What ways can you treat TB?
Antimycobacterial Family Drugs
- inhibiting mycolic acid in CW of Genus Mycobacterium
OTHER
- inhibiting RNA synthesis (inhibit nucleic acid synthesis)
What category of drugs inhibit protein synthesis?
Describe (3) MOA and how they inhibit protein synthesis
Antibacterial drugs
- Change shape of ribosome = code on mRNA read incorrectly (Aminoglycoside Drug Family)
- Binds to ribosome and inhibit peptide bond formation (NO translation; target bacterial ribsoome)
-> Broad spectrum drugs - Interfere with tRNA attachment to the (mRNA) ribosome (NO translation; target bacterial ribsoome)
-> Broad spectrum drugs
-> Side effects: Suppress normal intestinal microbiota = diarrhea; Teeth discoloration
Describe this drug example: Aminoglycoside Family/Class
Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, MISC (Side effects)
Category of Antimicrobial Drug
- Antibacterial Drugs
MOA
- Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
Description of MOA
- No translation; target bacterial ribosome (70S)
-> Changes shape of ribosome = code on mRNA read incorrectly
DZ it Treats
- x
MISC
Aminoglycoside Drug Family
- Side Effect: Auditory damage
Describe this drug example: Sulfonamide Drug Family (“Sulfa” Drugs)
Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, MISC (spectrum, other)
Category of Antimicrobial Drug
- Antibacterial Drugs
MOA
- Competitive Inhibition of Essential Metabolite Synthesis
Description of MOA
- Antimetabolites (“sulfa” drugs) compete with normal substrates for an enzyme
-> Competes with PABA for enzyme used to synthesize folic acid -> sulfonamides (antimetabolites) inhibit folic acid synthesis (needed for nucleic acid/protein synthesis!)
DZ it Treats
- x
MISC
Sulfonamide Drug Family (“Sulfa” Drugs)
- Broad Spectrum Drugs
- Combined with other ABX
Describe this drug example: Azoles Family
Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats, MISC (Azole Family and Other drugs: types of infection they TRT, spectrum/side effect)
Category of Antimicrobial Drug
- Antimycotic Drugs
MOA
- Inhibition of fungal sterol synthesis
Description of MOA
- Inhibits ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell membrane
DZ it Treats
- Athletes foot (Local Inf = Azole Family)
- Systemic Infections (Other)
MISC
“Azoles” Family
- Local Infections
- Low-specificity (Narrow Spectrum Drugs)
Other Drugs
- Systemic Infections
- Side Effect: Toxic to kidneys
Describe this MOA: Attachment & Uncoating Inhibitors
Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats
Category of Antimicrobial Drug
- Antiviral Drugs
MOA
- Attachment & Uncoating Inhibitors
Description of MOA
- Blocks receptors on host CM that bind to virus and pvt viral uncoating
DZ it Treats
- Influenza
MISC
- x
Describe this MOA: Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats
Category of Antimicrobial Drug
- Antiviral Drugs
MOA
- Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
Description of MOA
- Inhibit viral DNA or RNA synthesis
DZ it Treats
- Management of Herpes Infections
MISC
- x
Describe this MOA: Viral Multiplication Inhibitors
Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats
Category of Antimicrobial Drug
- Antiviral Drugs
MOA
- Viral Multiplication Inhibitors
Description of MOA
- Promote Interferon Production
-> Prevent spread of viruses to uninfected neighboring animal host cells
DZ it Treats
- Viral Hepatitis (B/C)
MISC
- x
Describe this MOA: Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor
Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats
Category of Antimicrobial Drug
- Antiretroviral Drugs
MOA
- Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor
Description of MOA
- Inhibits viral RNA from becoming viral DNA ->-> NO hybrid DNA/provirus
DZ it Treats
- TRT (manage) Retroviridae Family
-> HIV/AIDS
MISC
- x
Describe this MOA: Fusion Inhibitors
Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats
Category of Antimicrobial Drug
- Antiretroviral Drugs
MOA
- Fusion Inhibitors
Description of MOA
- Block viral entry -> virus enveloped cannot merge with host cell membrane
DZ it Treats
- TRT (management) Retroviridae Family
-> HIV/AIDS
MISC
- x
Name the different types of antiparasitic drugs
Know the specific category type, MOA (if applicable), description of MOA, and DZ they treat
Antimalarial Drugs
- inhibit DNA synthesis & multiplication of Plasmodium parasite
- PVT and TRT Plasmdium parasite (Malaria)
Antiprotozoal Drugs
- Interferes with anaerobic metabolism
- TRT Trichomoniasis, Amoebic Dysentery, Giardiasis
Antihelminthic Drugs
- Inhibition of nutrient absorption in intestinal worms = paralysis (neuromuscular blockade) of helminth
- TRT intestinal helminthic infection
Name 3 different methods/tests that can be used to evaluate antimicrobial drugs
- Disk Diffusion Method
- E-Test
- Broth Dilution Tests
Describe: Disk Diffusion Method
(What does it measure/tests; MOA)
- Measures: effectivenes of chemotherapeutic agents to see if pathogen is sensitive/resistant to agent
- Soaked paper disks with chemotherapeutic agent (CA) are placed onto agar containing test organism -> CA diffuse into surrounding agar -> if presense of zone of inhibiition around disk = bacteria is SENSITIVE
Describe: E-Test
(What does it measure/tests)
- Determines antibiotic sensitivity and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)
- MIC: the lowest antimicrobial drug concentration (dosage) that inhibits microbial growth
Describe: Broth Dilution Test
(What does it measure/tests, MOA)
- Determines the MIC and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of antimicrobial drug
- MBC: the lowest antimicrobial drug concentratoin (dosage) that kills microbes
- MOA: microbe is placed into wells of a tray containing dilution of drug; growth is determined
Define: Superbugs
Include examples of some superbugs
bacteria (strains) that are resistant to large number of ABX
- MRSA/VRSA
- VRE
- MDR/XDR
What are two ways that drug resistance occurs in microbes
- Heritable resistance gene mutations in bacteria are passed down to progressive generations of bacteria
- Resistance genes (on a plasmid) are often spread horizontally from donor bacterium to recipient bacterium via the pilus
Describe 4 ways of microbes can resists drugs (Hint: how do they prevent becoming destoryed by a drug)
- Rapid ejection of antibioitc via efflux pump in CM
- Alter (antigenic variation) of drug receptors on pathogen
- Prevent penetration of drug to the target site within the microbe (Ex: slime layer)
- Bacteria produce enzymes that destory/inactive a drug (Ex: Penicillinase = destory PCN)
Name 5 factors that involve antibiotic (antimicrobial) misuse
FUUU O
- Failing to complete prescribed regimen
- Using outdated/weakened ABX
- Using someone elses leftover prescription
- Uising ABX in animal feed
- Over-precribing or giving wrong ABX
