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BIO 220 [Exam #4] > Chapter 20 - Antimicrobial Drugs > Flashcards

Chapter 20 - Antimicrobial Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Who was the first sceintist to use a chemical drug to treat disease?

A

Paul Ehrlich

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2
Q

________ is the use of chemicals (drugs) to treat a disease

A

Chemotherapy

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3
Q

Define: Antimicrobial Agent

A

a substance that interferes with microbial growth

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4
Q

Name 3 types of antimicrobial drugs

Know what they are derived from

A

Natural Antimicrobials

  • come from living things/natural (ex: bacteria, fungi)
  • Ex: Drug: Penicillin G (Antibacterial/ABX), derived from Penicillium chysogenum

Semisynthetic Antimicrobials

  • b/w natural and synthetic

Synthetic Antimicrobials

  • artificial process (human made)
  • better drugs because they destory wide range of pathogens
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5
Q

Compare Narrow-Spectrum Drugs from Broad-Structum Drugs
(What does it affect, origin, example?)

A

Narrow-Spectrum Drugs

  • affect a narrow range of pathogens
  • Usually natural origin
  • Ex: narrow-spectrum ABX (Penicillin G, from fungus) affect only gram + bacteria (prokaryotes)

Broad-Spectrum Drugs

  • affect broad rang of pathogens
  • Usually synthetic origin
  • Ex: broad-spectrum ABX affect gram + and gram - bacteria
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6
Q

Name the 5 criteria for an ideal antimicrobial drug

A

RATDD

Retention of Drug

  • Time required to stay in the body to have an affect; do not want body to breakdown drug too quickly

Spectrum of Action

  • narrow vs broad spectrum
  • Use narrow: when know ID of path
  • Use broad: when pathogen is UNK; emergency situation

Selective Toxicitiy

  • Selectivily destroys pathogens without damaging host

Effective Dose

  • small dosage preferred

Delivery and Effective Penetration

  • Ex: oral, injections, transdermal (patch)
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7
Q

Identify the targets for different antimicrobial drug categories

A

Antibacteria (Antibiotic) Drugs

  • Bacteria

Antimycobacterial Drugs

  • Bacteria of Genus Mycobacterium (TB)

Antimycotic (Antifungal) Drugs

  • Fungi

Antiviral Drugs

  • Viruses

Anti-Retroviral Drugs

  • Vircuses of Retroviridae Family (Ex: HIV)

Antiparasitic (Antimalarial, Antiprotozoal) Drugs

  • Protozoan parasites of Genus Plasmodium (Ex: Malaria)

Antiparasitic (Antihelminthic) Drugs

  • Parasites that are worms
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8
Q

What are 5 mechanism of action for antibacterial drugs?

A

Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

  • inhibit peptidoglycan and mycolic acid (only in Genus Mycobacterium) synthesis
  • Ex: PCN

Injury to Plasma Membrane

  • disrupt homeostatis bc particles can move freely in/out of cells

Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis (Inhibit replication/transcription)

  • NOT make RNA/DNA

Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

  • no translation -> no protein -> no protein FXN

Competitive Inhibition of Essential Metabolite Synthesis

  • No folic acid made (needed for DNA synthesis)
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9
Q

Name all the Drug Families that are involved this MOA: inhibition of CW synthesis.

Understand the description of MOA

Know the category of antimicrobial drug (ex: Bacterial, Fungal, etc)

A

INHIBITION OF CW SYNTHESIS

Inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis

  • Penicillin Family (Antibacterial)
  • Cephalosporin Family (Antibacterial)
  • Polypeptide Family (Antibacterial)

Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis in CW of Genus Mycobacterium

  • Antimycobacterium Family (Antimycobacterial)
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10
Q

Describe this drug example: Penicillin Family/Class

Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats, MISC (name subcategories of PCN family and type of spectrum drug, components, sensitivity)

A

Category of Antimicrobial Drug

  • Antibacterial Drugs

MOA

  • Inhibit CW synthesis

Description of MOA

  • inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis

DZ it Treats

  • Gram + DZ (natural PCN)
  • Gram + and Gram - DZ (semisynthetic PCN)

MISC
Penicillin Family/Class = beta-lactam ring

Natural PCN: PCN G and PCN V

  • Narrow Spectrum Drug (destory only Gram +)
  • Natural components: from fungus, Penicillium
  • PCN (B-lactem ring) sensitive/destoryed by Penicillinase (prod by some bacteria)

Semisynthetic PCN:

  • Broad Spectrum Drugs (destory Gram + and -)
  • Natural and synthesis components
  • PCN (B-lactem ring) resistant/NOT destroyed by Penicillinase
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11
Q

Describe this drug example: Cephalosporin Family/Class

Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, MISC (spectrum, component, resistance, discovered, classification)

A

Category of Antimicrobial Drug

  • Antibacterial Drugs

MOA

  • Inhibit CW synthesis

Description of MOA

  • inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis

DZ it Treats

  • x

MISC
Cephalosporin Family/Class

  • Advantages:
    -> Broad Spectrum Drug
    -> Natural components: from fungus
    -> Penicillinase resistant (will not be destoryed by bact)
  • Discovered: after PCN family
  • Classified into generations (ex: 1st -> 5th)
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12
Q

Describe this drug example: Polypeptide Family/Class

Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats/CA its against, MISC

A

Category of Antimicrobial Drug

  • Antibacterial Drugs

MOA

  • Inhibit CW synthesis

Description of MOA

  • inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis

DZ it Treats/CA its Against

  • Against Gram + DZ
  • Against Staphylococcus aureus
    -> Ex: Food poisioning

MISC
Polypeptide Family/Class

  • Topical (ointment) Application
    -> Against Gram +
  • Last resrt against antibiotic resistant MRSA (methacillin-resistant)
    -> Ex: S. aureus
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13
Q

Describe this drug example: Antimycobacterial Family/Class

Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats

A

Category of Antimicrobial Drug

  • Antimycobacterial Drugs

MOA

  • Inhibit CW synthesis

Description of MOA

  • inhibits mycolic acid synthesis in CW of Genus Mycobacterium

DZ it Treats/CA its Against

  • TRT: Tuberculosis (TB)

MISC

  • x
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14
Q

Describe this MOA example: Causes injury to plasma membrane

Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats, MISC

A

Category of Antimicrobial Drug

  • Antibacterial Drugs

MOA

  • Injury to plasma membrane

Description of MOA

  • Changes bacterial plasma membrane permeability
    -> Make CM leaky = things go in/out freely

DZ it Treats/CA its Against

  • Against Gram NEG DZ

MISC

  • Topical (Ointment) Application
  • Combined with other ABX
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15
Q

Name the drug families that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

Understand the description of MOA

A

Quinlone and Fluroquinolone Family/Class

  • inhibit DNA synthesis/replication

OTHER (NO NAME)

  • inhibit RNA synthesis
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16
Q

Describe this drug example: Quinlone and Fluoroquinolone Family/Class

Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats, MISC (spectrum)

A

Category of Antimicrobial Drug

  • Antibacterial Drugs

MOA

  • Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis

Description of MOA

  • Inhibits DNA synthesis/replication

DZ it Treats

  • TRT UTI, Gonorrhea, Skin/Lung Infection, Anthrax

MISC

Quinlone and Fluoroquinolone Family/Class

  • Broad Spectrum Drugs
17
Q

Describe this description of MOA: inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting RNA synthesis of bacteria

Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats

A

Category of Antimicrobial Drug

  • Antibacterial Drugs

MOA

  • Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis

Description of MOA

  • Inhibits RNA synthesis

DZ it Treats

  • TRT: Tuberculosis (TB)
    -> Antimycobacterial activity

MISC

  • x
18
Q

What ways can you treat TB?

A

Antimycobacterial Family Drugs

  • inhibiting mycolic acid in CW of Genus Mycobacterium

OTHER

  • inhibiting RNA synthesis (inhibit nucleic acid synthesis)
19
Q

What category of drugs inhibit protein synthesis?

Describe (3) MOA and how they inhibit protein synthesis

A

Antibacterial drugs

  • Change shape of ribosome = code on mRNA read incorrectly (Aminoglycoside Drug Family)
  • Binds to ribosome and inhibit peptide bond formation (NO translation; target bacterial ribsoome)
    -> Broad spectrum drugs
  • Interfere with tRNA attachment to the (mRNA) ribosome (NO translation; target bacterial ribsoome)
    -> Broad spectrum drugs
    -> Side effects: Suppress normal intestinal microbiota = diarrhea; Teeth discoloration
20
Q

Describe this drug example: Aminoglycoside Family/Class

Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, MISC (Side effects)

A

Category of Antimicrobial Drug

  • Antibacterial Drugs

MOA

  • Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

Description of MOA

  • No translation; target bacterial ribosome (70S)
    -> Changes shape of ribosome = code on mRNA read incorrectly

DZ it Treats

  • x

MISC

Aminoglycoside Drug Family

  • Side Effect: Auditory damage
21
Q

Describe this drug example: Sulfonamide Drug Family (“Sulfa” Drugs)

Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, MISC (spectrum, other)

A

Category of Antimicrobial Drug

  • Antibacterial Drugs

MOA

  • Competitive Inhibition of Essential Metabolite Synthesis

Description of MOA

  • Antimetabolites (“sulfa” drugs) compete with normal substrates for an enzyme
    -> Competes with PABA for enzyme used to synthesize folic acid -> sulfonamides (antimetabolites) inhibit folic acid synthesis (needed for nucleic acid/protein synthesis!)

DZ it Treats

  • x

MISC

Sulfonamide Drug Family (“Sulfa” Drugs)

  • Broad Spectrum Drugs
  • Combined with other ABX
22
Q

Describe this drug example: Azoles Family

Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats, MISC (Azole Family and Other drugs: types of infection they TRT, spectrum/side effect)

A

Category of Antimicrobial Drug

  • Antimycotic Drugs

MOA

  • Inhibition of fungal sterol synthesis

Description of MOA

  • Inhibits ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell membrane

DZ it Treats

  • Athletes foot (Local Inf = Azole Family)
  • Systemic Infections (Other)

MISC

“Azoles” Family

  • Local Infections
  • Low-specificity (Narrow Spectrum Drugs)

Other Drugs

  • Systemic Infections
  • Side Effect: Toxic to kidneys
23
Q

Describe this MOA: Attachment & Uncoating Inhibitors

Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats

A

Category of Antimicrobial Drug

  • Antiviral Drugs

MOA

  • Attachment & Uncoating Inhibitors

Description of MOA

  • Blocks receptors on host CM that bind to virus and pvt viral uncoating

DZ it Treats

  • Influenza

MISC

  • x
24
Q

Describe this MOA: Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors

Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats

A

Category of Antimicrobial Drug

  • Antiviral Drugs

MOA

  • Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors

Description of MOA

  • Inhibit viral DNA or RNA synthesis

DZ it Treats

  • Management of Herpes Infections

MISC

  • x
25
Q

Describe this MOA: Viral Multiplication Inhibitors

Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats

A

Category of Antimicrobial Drug

  • Antiviral Drugs

MOA

  • Viral Multiplication Inhibitors

Description of MOA

  • Promote Interferon Production
    -> Prevent spread of viruses to uninfected neighboring animal host cells

DZ it Treats

  • Viral Hepatitis (B/C)

MISC

  • x
26
Q

Describe this MOA: Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor

Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats

A

Category of Antimicrobial Drug

  • Antiretroviral Drugs

MOA

  • Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor

Description of MOA

  • Inhibits viral RNA from becoming viral DNA ->-> NO hybrid DNA/provirus

DZ it Treats

  • TRT (manage) Retroviridae Family
    -> HIV/AIDS

MISC

  • x
27
Q

Describe this MOA: Fusion Inhibitors

Include: Category of Antimicrobial Drug, MOA, Description of MOA, DZ it Treats

A

Category of Antimicrobial Drug

  • Antiretroviral Drugs

MOA

  • Fusion Inhibitors

Description of MOA

  • Block viral entry -> virus enveloped cannot merge with host cell membrane

DZ it Treats

  • TRT (management) Retroviridae Family
    -> HIV/AIDS

MISC

  • x
28
Q

Name the different types of antiparasitic drugs

Know the specific category type, MOA (if applicable), description of MOA, and DZ they treat

A

Antimalarial Drugs

  • inhibit DNA synthesis & multiplication of Plasmodium parasite
  • PVT and TRT Plasmdium parasite (Malaria)

Antiprotozoal Drugs

  • Interferes with anaerobic metabolism
  • TRT Trichomoniasis, Amoebic Dysentery, Giardiasis

Antihelminthic Drugs

  • Inhibition of nutrient absorption in intestinal worms = paralysis (neuromuscular blockade) of helminth
  • TRT intestinal helminthic infection
29
Q

Name 3 different methods/tests that can be used to evaluate antimicrobial drugs

A
  • Disk Diffusion Method
  • E-Test
  • Broth Dilution Tests
30
Q

Describe: Disk Diffusion Method

(What does it measure/tests; MOA)

A
  • Measures: effectivenes of chemotherapeutic agents to see if pathogen is sensitive/resistant to agent
  • Soaked paper disks with chemotherapeutic agent (CA) are placed onto agar containing test organism -> CA diffuse into surrounding agar -> if presense of zone of inhibiition around disk = bacteria is SENSITIVE
31
Q

Describe: E-Test

(What does it measure/tests)

A
  • Determines antibiotic sensitivity and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)
  • MIC: the lowest antimicrobial drug concentration (dosage) that inhibits microbial growth
32
Q

Describe: Broth Dilution Test

(What does it measure/tests, MOA)

A
  • Determines the MIC and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of antimicrobial drug
  • MBC: the lowest antimicrobial drug concentratoin (dosage) that kills microbes
  • MOA: microbe is placed into wells of a tray containing dilution of drug; growth is determined
33
Q

Define: Superbugs
Include examples of some superbugs

A

bacteria (strains) that are resistant to large number of ABX

  • MRSA/VRSA
  • VRE
  • MDR/XDR
34
Q

What are two ways that drug resistance occurs in microbes

A
  1. Heritable resistance gene mutations in bacteria are passed down to progressive generations of bacteria
  2. Resistance genes (on a plasmid) are often spread horizontally from donor bacterium to recipient bacterium via the pilus
35
Q

Describe 4 ways of microbes can resists drugs (Hint: how do they prevent becoming destoryed by a drug)

A
  1. Rapid ejection of antibioitc via efflux pump in CM
  2. Alter (antigenic variation) of drug receptors on pathogen
  3. Prevent penetration of drug to the target site within the microbe (Ex: slime layer)
  4. Bacteria produce enzymes that destory/inactive a drug (Ex: Penicillinase = destory PCN)
36
Q

Name 5 factors that involve antibiotic (antimicrobial) misuse

A

FUUU O
- Failing to complete prescribed regimen
- Using outdated/weakened ABX
- Using someone elses leftover prescription
- Uising ABX in animal feed
- Over-precribing or giving wrong ABX

BIO 220 [Exam #4] (8 decks)

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