Chapter 19 - Immunological Disorders Flashcards
Compare the two different types of antigens: Non-self Ag vs. Self Ag in regards to its sourcing
Include some examples
Non-Self Ag: external source of antigens (ex: pathogens and allergens)
Self Ag: internal source of antigen (your cells/tissue that belong to human body)
allergens trigger immune response
Compare self-tolerance to loss of self tolerance in regards to the immune system
Self toleranace (to self Ag): your immune system does NOT attack itself
Loss of Self Tolerance (to self Ag): your immune system will attack itself = AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE
Define: Immunosuppression
weakened immune system or response
Name 3 ways immunosuppression can happen
- Disease: HIV/AIDS = attacks CD4+ Th cells
- Medications: organ transplant PT = purposefully suppresses immune reponse (so your body doesn’t attack the transplanted organ)
- Therapy: cancer chemotherapy
Compare the two types of Immunological Disorders. Include the different subcatergories they can be divided into
Immune Deficiences
- Immune system is absent (partially or completely)
-> Absence since birth (Primary/Congenital Deficiencies)
-> Absence can develop later in life (Secondary/Acquired Deficiencies)
Immune Disease
- Immune system is present, but…
-> Presence in the form of an exaggerated immune response (Hypersentivity Reactions; inv. non-self Ag)
-> Presence in the form of an altered immune response (Autoimmune Disease; inv. self-Ag)
Partially = either humoral/CMI ; Completely = both humoral/CMI
Describe Primary/Congeital Deficiencies (type of Immune Deficiency). Include: Passed Down, Deficiency presence, Cause, Status of Immune system, and Examples
Passed Down
- Yes, heritable
Deficiency presence
- Since birth
Cause
- Defective/missing gene (DNA)
Status of Immune System
- Partially/Completely absent
-> Partially: either humoral OR CMI gone
-> Completely: BOTH humoral AND CMI gone
Examples
- X-linked Infantile (Brutons) Aggammglobulinema
- Thymic Aplasia (DiGeorge Syndrome)
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
-> AKA: Bubble Boy Disease
Name and describe the three different examples of Primary/Congenital Deficiency. Include: Defective cell, Reselts of Defective cell, Defective immune reponse, Misc.
X-Linked Infantile (Brutons) Agammaglobulinema
Defective cell
- B cell
Results of Defective Cell
- ⬇Ab production (no B cell = no plasma cell = no Ab)
- ⬆Bacterial infections
Defective Immune Response
- Defective Humoral Immune Response only
MISC
- Affects mainly boys
- Detected in babies (bc its congenital)
Thymic Aplasia (DiGeorge Syndrome)
Defective cell
- T cell (bc underdeveloped thymus gland)
Results of Defective Cell
- ⬇T cell function
Defective Immune Response
- Defective Cell-Mediated Response only
MISC
- x
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)/Bubble Boy Disease
Defective cell
- Stem cell (parent cell of B and T cell)
Results of Defective Cell
- ⬇B and T cell
Defective Immune Response
- Defective Humoral AND Cell Mediated Immune Response
MISC
- x
Describe Secondary/Acquired Deficiency (type of Immune Deficiency). Include: Passed Down, Deficiency presence, Cause, Status of Immune system, and Examples
Passed Down
- No, non-heritable
Deficiency presence
- Acquired later during a persons life
Cause
- Same as examples
Status of Immune System
- Partially/Completely absent
-> Partially: either humoral OR CMI gone
-> Completely: BOTH humoral AND CMI gone - Makes the immune system weak/non-functioning
Examples
- Immunosuppressive drugs/medications
-> for transplant reciene PT (part immune system shut off so it doesnt reject donation) - Chemotherapy/radiation therapy
-> Destroy cancer cells and immune cells - Infection
-> HIV infection
Name and describe the three examples of Secondary/Acquired Deficiencies
Immunosuppresive drugs/medications
- taken by organ transplant patient to prevent rejection
Chemotherapy/radiation therapy
- for cancer patients; attack cancer and immune cells
Infection
- Ex: HIV infection -> HIV/AIDS (destroys CD4+ T helper cell)
TRUE or FALSE: In regards to examples of secondary/acquired deficiencies, immunosupressive drugs/medications and chemotherapy/radiation therapy are all forms of AIDS.
True, AIDS is defined as an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Drugs/medications can cause immunodeficiency because it is aquired by taking meds and chemothreapy can also cause immunodeficiency because it is acquired by taking radiation treatment.
Is an HIV infection a partial or complete absence of the immune system?
Partial, because it is a T cell issue. HIV attacks CD4+ T helper cells that are involve in CMI, so CMI is being destroyed. However, humoral immunity is working fine.
________ is an immune response to non-self Ag; antigenic reponse beyond normal
Hypersensitivity Reactions (Immune Diseases)
When do hypersensitivity reactions (immune disease) occur?
Describe how you get an exaggerated immune reponse when exposed to the sensitizer
Hypersensitivity Reaction
- occur when sensitized by previous exposure to non-self Ags (allergens)
-> associated with allergies
Exposure to allergen:
- Primary contact with allergen: no harmful immune response at first = now become “pre-sensitized” (made memory cells)
- Secondary contact with same allergen: triggers harmful, exaggerated immune reponse (bc of memory cells made earlier)
Describe this classification of Hypersensitivity (HS) Reaction: HS Type I Reaction
Include: HS Type Reaction Name, Immune Response Involved, Antibody/Cell Involved, Why RXN occurs, Mechanism, Examples (include CA, ex; SXS; TRT), Misc (prevention)
HS TYPE REACTION NAME
- Anaphylactic Reactions
Affected Immune Response
- Rapid Humoral Response
-> B cell -> Ab issue
Antibody/Cell Involved
- Antibody: IgE
- Cell: Mast cell; Basophil
Why RXN Occurs
- Occurs quickly (minutes) after a person who was sensitized to an antigen is expose to that same antigen (secondary contact with same allergen)
Mechanism
- 1) Antigens (non-self) combine with IgE that are already attached to mast/basophil
- 2) Mast cell/basophil undergo degranulation -> release mediators
-> Histamine: increase permeability of blood capillaries (monocytes/neutrophils squeeze)
-> Leukotrience: cause prolonged contraction of smooth muscle (ex: airways) - 3) Mediators attract neutrophils to site of reaction -> cause an inflammatory response:
-> Edema & Ertythema (due to hist)
-> Increased mucous production (due to hist)
-> Difficulty breathing (due to leukot. -> SM contracts -> difficulty breathing)
Examples(TWO TYPES)
Allergic Reactions (Localized Anaphylaxis; MILD):
- CA: Ingested/inhaled antigens (non-self)
-> Ex: seasonal allergies; asthma - SXS: Depend on portal of entry (ex: enter eye = itchy eye)
- TRT: Antihistamines
-> Block rel. of histamine
-> PVT allergen from binding to IgE
Anaphylactic Shock (Systemic Anaphylaxis; MED EMERGENCY):
- CA: Injected/ingested antigens (non-self)
-> Ex: drugs (PCN); insect venom (bee sting) - SXS: Cirulatory collapse (shock; ⬇BP ), death
- TRT: Epinephrine (“epi pen”)
-> Dilates airways
-> Constrict BV -> ⬆BP
MISC/PVT
Preventing Localized Anaphylactic RXN
- Skin Test: Ag are injected beneath epidermis -> test for rapid inflammatory RXN
- Desensitation: Increase dosages of Ag injection beneath the skin
-> Produces IgG -> intercept/neutralize Ag before it reacts with IgE-bough basophil/mast cell = blocking” Ag
Define: Transfusion Reactions (what does it involve?, etc)
- involve the ABO and Rh blood group systems
-> Matched vs mismatched blood transfusions bw blood donor and recipient
Certain carbohydrate ______ may be present on _______ surfaces. This will give rise to _________ _________ types.
Name these different types:
antigens
RBC
Blood Cell Types
- Type A blood
- Type B blood
- Type AB blood
- Type O blood
______ form against certain carbohydrate antigens on RBC.
Name the different types (Include what it binds to):
Antibodies
- Anti-A antibody (bind to A surface Ag)
- Anti-B antibody (bind to B surface Ag)
For each blood type, name: the erythrocyte antigen, plasma antibodies, blood cells that it can recieve
Type A blood
- Erythrocyte Antigen: A
- Plasma Antibodies: Anti-B antibodies
- Blood Cells It Can Recieve: A, O
Type B blood
- Erythrocyte Antigen: B
- Plasma Antibodies: Anti-A antibodies
- Blood Cells It Can Recieve: B, O
Type AB blood
- Erythrocyte Antigen: A and B
- Plasma Antibodies: NO ANTIBODIES
- Blood Cells It Can Recieve: A, B, AB, O (UNIVERSAL ACCEPTOR)
Type O blood
- Erythrocyte Antigen: O
- Plasma Antibodies: Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies
- Blood Cells It Can Recieve: O
Be able to understand the different blood cell types. Understand the flow chart
Who can donate to whom?
Who can recieve from whom?
Who is the universal donor? Why?
Who is the universal acceptor? Why
Can B blood be given to Type A person?
Who can donate to whom? Who can recieve from whom?:
- Refer to flow chart
Who is the universal donor? Why?:
- Type O: There are only two types of Ab against antigens on RBC, which are Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies. Anti-O antibodies are non-existent, meaning Type O blood can be donated to anybody
Who is the universal acceptor? Why
- Type AB: Type AB lacks Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies. This means it can accept any type of blood because it will NOT be able to mark a RBC for destruction (bc lack of Ab) and cause cell lysis.
Can B blood be given to Type A person?
- No, because a person with Type A blood has Anti-B anitbodies. If Type B blood is given to them, the Anti-B antibodies (in the Type A blood person) will mark the Type B blood for destruction and cause cell lysis. This is an example of a mismatched blood transfusion (and will cause a Cytotoxic reaction).
