Chapter 19 - Immunological Disorders (Reversed[) Flashcards
____ is an external source of antigen.
Non-self Ag
______ is an internal source of antigen.
Self-Ag
Pathogens and allergens, such as pollen and dust, are examples of _______.
Non-self Ags
Cells and/or tissues that belong to humans are examples of _______.
Self-Ags
________ occurs when the immune system attacks itself and is an indicator of an autoimmune disease.
Loss of self-tolerance
______ occurs when the immune system does not attack itself.
Self-tolerance
______ is a weakened immune system or response.
Immunosuppression
HIV/AIDS, medication for organ transplant, and chemotherapy can all lead to ______.
Immunosuppression
________ occurs when the immune system is partially or completely absent. The absence of the immune system can be present at birth and developed later in life.
Immune Deficiencies
________ occurs when the immune system is present but is either an exaggerated immune response or an altered immune response.
Immune Diseases
_______ are heritable, caused by defective or missing genes and the immune system is partially or completely absent.
Primary Congenital Deficiencies (Immune Deficiencies)
Defective B cells cause a decrease in Ab production
X-Linked Infantile (Bruton’s) Agammaglobulinemia
Defective Humoral Immune Response only
X-Linked Infantile (Bruton’s) Agammaglobulinemia
Defective T cells lead to a decrease in functioning T cells
Thymic Aplasia (DiGeorge Syndrome)
Defective Cell-Mediated Immune response only
Thymic Aplasia (DiGeorge Syndrome)
Defective stems cells lead to a decrease in both B & T cells
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
Defective Humoral & Cell-Mediated Immune Responses
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
Underdeveloped Thymus Cells
Thymic Aplasia (DiGeorge Syndrome)
Bubble Boy Disease
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
________ are non-hereditary, acquired during a person’s life, and are caused by weakening the immune system. The immune system is partially or completely absent.
Secondary/Acquired Deficiencies (Immune Deficiencies)
Immune suppression medication taken by organ transplant patients to prevent rejection is a __________.
Secondary/Acquired Deficiency
Chemotherapy/ radiation therapy that destroys cells for cancer patients is a __________.
Secondary/Acquired Deficiency
An HIV infection leads to the destruction of CD4+ T cells is a ________.
Secondary/Acquired Deficiency
________ is an exaggerated immune response caused by non-self Ags and occurs from a previous exposure to non-self Ags
Hypersensitivity Reactions (Immune Diseases)
Antigens combine with IgE that is attached to mast cells or basophils
Hypersensitivity Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions
Mast cells degranulate and release histamines
Hypersensitivity Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions
Prolonged contraction of smooth muscle.
Hypersensitivity Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions
Blood capillaries become more permeable
Hypersensitivity Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions
Edema & erythema, difficulty breathing
Hypersensitivity Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions
_______ is caused by inhaled or ingested Ags and is treated with antihistamines. SXS are dependent on the route of entry.
Localized anaphylaxis (AKA allergic reaction)
______ is caused by injected and some ingested Ags and can result in circulatory collapse and death. _____ can be treated with epinephrine (epi pen).
Systemic anaphylaxis (AKA anaphylactic shock)
_______ process where Ags are inoculated below the epidemic to test for a rapid inflammatory response.
Skin Test
_____ is a process that increases dosages of Ag injected beneath the skin. ______ produces IgG, which intercepts and neutralizes the Ag before reacting with IgE-bound basophil.
Desensitization
Involved Ags bound to a fixed location
Hypersensitivity Type II (Cytotoxic) Reaction
IgG/IgM target Ags on RBC or tissue cells
Hypersensitivity Type II (Cytotoxic) Reaction
Cell lysis caused by complement activation
Hypersensitivity Type II (Cytotoxic) Reaction
______ in involve the ABO and Rh group blood systems.
Transfusion Reactions
Can receive all blood types
Blood Type AB
Universal donor
Blood Type O
_____ is an artificial passive immunity given to the mother 72 hrs. before delivery of the Rh+ fetus
RhoGAM
________ occurs when a drug coats the cell surface, Abs are produced, and complement proteins bind to the stem region and lysis cell.
Drug-Induced Cytotoxic Reaction
Involves Ags circulating in blood
Hypersensitivity Type III (Immune Complex) Reactions
Formation of circulating immune complexes in serum with excess Ag or Ab
Hypersensitivity Type III (Immune Complex) Reactions
Immune complexes lodge in basement membrane that attract neutrophils and activate complement., causing inflammation and tissue damage
Hypersensitivity Type III (Immune Complex) Reactions
______ exist as a result of excess Ags.
Serum Sickness
_____ exist as a result of excess Ab
Arthus Reaction
_______ exists when the immune complex forms in the presence of high conc. of inj. serum Ags and low antibody conc. circulating in serum.
Serum Sickness
_______ exists when the immune complex forms in the presence of vaccine Ags and high antibody conc. circulating in serum.
Arthus Reactions
Delayed-hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity Type IV (Delayed Cell-Mediated Reactions)
Immune response caused by Td cells
Hypersensitivity Type IV (Delayed Cell-Mediated Reactions)
release cytokines that attract macrophages that initiate tissue damage
Hypersensitivity Type IV (Delayed Cell-Mediated Reactions)
Chemicals combine with proteins on the skin causing an immune response
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Allergic response to poison ivy, cosmetics, metals, and latex
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
______ occurs when the immune system responds to self-Ags causing damage to organs, & requires a lifetime of treatment
Autoimmune Disease
Abs made and target non-self protein Ag. Abs continue to be made and target anything in the body made of protein.
Type I Autoimmune Disease
Abs target host cells’ receptor (self-Ags)
Type II Autoimmune Disease
Abs target receptors on skeletal muscle
Myasthenia Gravis (Type II Autoimmune Disease)
Abs target receptors on the thyroid gland
Grave’s Disease (Type II Autoimmune Disease)
Immune complexes form and deposit in host tissues
Type III Autoimmune Disease
immune complexes form & lodge in the kidneys
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Type III Autoimmune Disease)
immune complexes form & lodge in the joints
Rheumatoid Arthritis (Type III Autoimmune Disease)
T cell-mediated destruction of self-cells
Type IV Autoimmune Disease
T cell destruction of neurons (myelin)
Multiple Sclerosis (Type IV Autoimmune Disease)
T cell destruction of insulin-secreting cells (pancreas)
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Type I Disease (Type IV Autoimmune Disease)
