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Anatomy > Chapter 7 The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 7 The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

The cardiovascular system consists of:

A

The heart and blood vessels.

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2
Q

Where is the site of the heart?

A

It is located behind the sternum and costal cages (2nd to 6th coastal cage). 2/3 of the heart lies to the left of the median plane and 1/3 of the heart lies on the right of the median plane.

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3
Q

What are the chambers of the heart?

A

The right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and the left ventricle.

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4
Q

What’s the right atrium’s role in circulation?

A

It relieves deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body by large two veins (super vena cava and inferior vena cava). Then, it sends its blood to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.

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5
Q

What is the right ventricle’s role in circulation?

A

It sends the deoxygenated blood received from the right atrium through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary trunk which divides into 2 pulmonary branches (right and left), one for each lung, where oxygenation occurs.

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6
Q

What is the left atrium’s role in circulation?

A

It receives the oxygenated blood from both lungs through 4 pulmonary veins and pumps it the the left ventricle via the mitral valve.

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7
Q

What is the left ventricle’s role in circulation?

A

It receives the oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it to all parts of the body through an aortic valve to the aorta and its branches.

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8
Q

What are the types of blood in the heart?

A
  1. The right 1/2 of the heart contains deoxygenated blood (venous blood).
  2. The left 1/2 of the blood contains oxygenated blood (atrial blood).
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9
Q

The heart is covered by two types of pericardial sacs, what are they?

A
  1. Fibrous pericardium.
  2. Serous pericardium.
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10
Q

What are the types of blood circulation?

A
  1. Systemic circulation.
  2. Pulmonary circulation.
  3. Portal circulation.
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11
Q

What happens in systemic circulation?

A
  1. Left ventricle and right atrium.
    2.oxygenated blood passes through the aorta and it’s branches to reach all tissues of the body ( where the exchange of gases and materials occurs.
  2. Deoxygenated blood is collected by small veins then by larger veins then by finally by the superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium.
  3. The blood passes from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
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12
Q

What happens in pulmonary circulation?

A
  1. Right ventricle and left atrium.
  2. Deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle passes through the pulmonary artery and it’s two branches to reach both lungs, where exchange of gases and materials occurs.
  3. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via 4 pulmonary veins then to the left ventricle.
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13
Q

What happens in portal circulation?

A
  1. Venous blood from the stomach, spleen, pancreas, and intestine is collected into the portal vein which enters the liner through porta hepatis and divides into many branches which end in liver sinusoids.
  2. The blood leaves the liver sinusoids by hepatic veins which end in the inferior vena cava.
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14
Q

What is the function of the portal circulation?

A

The circulation transmits venous blood from GIT to the liver to metabolize undigested nutrients and to detoxify blood.

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15
Q

Give the summary of blood circulation.

A
  1. Left ventricle.
  2. Aortic valve.
  3. Aorta and it’s branches (supply upper and lower part of the body).
  4. Venous blood returns via superior and inferior vena cava.
    5.right atrium.
  5. Tricuspid valve.
  6. Right ventricle.
  7. Pulmonary valve.
  8. Pulmonary trunk.
  9. Right and left pulmonary arteries to right and left lungs ( oxygenation of the blood occurs).
  10. Oxygenated blood returns via 4 pulmonary veins.
  11. Mitral valve.
  12. Left ventricle.
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16
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, veins, and arterio venous connections.

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17
Q

What are arteries?

A

They carry blood from the heart to the other parts of the body.

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18
Q

What do arteries carry? Oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

They carry oxygenated blood except the pulmonary and umbilical arteries , which carry deoxygenated blood.

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19
Q

What are arteries classified according to?

A

They are classified according to their size and structure: large, medium, and small.

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20
Q

What is atrial anastomoses?

A

It is the connection between arteries, which is present mainly around the joints.

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21
Q

What are the functions of atrial anastomoses?

A
  1. Increase blood supply to some organs such as the stomach.
  2. Equalize pressure in communicating arteries.
  3. Maintains blood flow to an area or part of the body if it’s main artery is obstructed.
22
Q

What are the types of atrial anastomoses?

A
  1. End to end anastomoses.
  2. Anastomoses by terminal arterioles.
  3. Anastomoses by conversion.
23
Q

What is end to end anastomoses?

A

The two ends of 2 arteries are connected together forming an arch.

24
Q

What are examples of end to end anastomoses?

A
  1. Anastomoses is the hand and foot.
  2. Between gastric arteries.
  3. Between arteries of the gut.
  4. Between anterior and posterior of intercostal arteries.
25
Q

What is anastomoses by terminal arterioles?

A

It lies around the joints between the branches of the main artery and it’s branches below the joint.

26
Q

What happens in case of gradual obstruction of anastomoses by terminal arterioles.

A

In case of gradual obstruction, it will open to maintain blood supply below the obstruction.

27
Q

What is an example of anastomoses by terminal arterioles?

A

Anastomoses around the elbow joint.

28
Q

What is anastomoses by conversion?

A

When two arteries converge to unite together.

29
Q

What is an example of anastomoses by conversion?

A

Anastomoses between two vertebral arteries.

30
Q

What happens if an artery is kinked?

A

All large arteries that cross over a joint are liable to be kinked during the movements of a joint, however, the distal flow of the blood is not interrupted because an adequate anastomoses is usually between branches of the arteries that arise both proximal and sitar to the joint.

31
Q

What happens during sudden closure of the main artery proximal to anastomoses?

A

Sudden closure of the main artery such as faulty ligation will lead to death of the part distal to the artery because anastomoses does not open in sudden closure.

32
Q

What are end arteries?

A

They are arteries which do not anastomose with adjacent arteries.

33
Q

What happens in case of obstruction of end arteries?

A

It will lead to death (necrosis) of the tissues which are supplied by them.

34
Q

What are examples of end arteries?

A
  1. Ventral retinal artery supplies the retina.
  2. Renal artery supplies the kidney.
  3. Splenic arteries supply the spleen.
  4. Central branches of the cerebral arteries.
  5. Pulmonary arteries.
35
Q

What are factors that help venous return from the upper part of the body?

A

Venous blood is mainly drained by gravity.

36
Q

What are factors the help venous return from the lower part of the body?

A
  1. Venous valves.
  2. Arterial pulsations.
  3. Muscular contractions (muscle pump).
  4. Deep fascia surrounding muscle groups.
  5. Negative intrathoracic pressure drawing blood from the abdomen, head, and neck into the thorax.
37
Q

What are factors that help venous return from the abdomen, pelvis, and thorax?

A

Venous return by suction mechanism of negative intrathoracic pressure.

38
Q

What are arterio-venous connections?

A

Arteries and veins are connected together by a structure.

39
Q

What are the structures that connect arteries and veins?

A
  1. Capillaries.
  2. Sinusoids.
  3. Arteriovenous shunt (anastomoses).
40
Q

What is the form of Capillaries?

A

Narrow form diameter.

41
Q

What is the form of sinusoids?

A

Wide irregular diameter with dictations and constrictions.

42
Q

Where do arteriovenous shunts usually be?

A

Between small arteries and accompanying veins.

43
Q

What are the sites of arteriovenous shunt?

A
  1. External ear nail bed palmar aspects of digits.
  2. Tongue.
  3. Thyroid gland.
  4. Penis.
  5. Alimentary tract.
44
Q

What are the characters of arteriovenous shunt?

A

Straight or coiled, surrounded by thick muscular coat . It is supplied by sympathetic fibers which control its opening and closure.

45
Q

What are the functions of arteriovenous shunt?

A
  1. Regulation of body temperature and local heat: when it opens, blood will pass from artery to vein decreasing the local heat.
  2. Regulation of food absorption.
  3. Play a role in erection.
46
Q

What is a varicose vein?

A

It is one that has a larger diameter than normal is elongated and tortuous.

47
Q

Where does varicose veins usually occur in?

A

In the lower limb.

48
Q

What are the causes of a varicose vein?

A
  1. Hereditary weakness of vein walls.
  2. Incompetent valves.
  3. Elevated intra-abdominal pressure as a result of multiple pregnancies or abdominal tumors.
49
Q

How is varicosity produced.

A

As a result of high pressure, venous blood escapes from deep to superficial veins and produces varicosity.

50
Q

What causes thrombosis?

A

Stagnation of blood in varicose veins may cause thrombosis. Eg. Deep venous thrombosis (DUT) in calf muscles.

Anatomy (10 decks)

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